US power from a normal wall outlet is 120 volts, 60 Hz, so your charger is not within spec.
I find that surprising, however. I thought most "universal" electronic power supplies were built for an input voltage between 100 volts (Japan) and 240 volts (most of the world).
I have a haunch you can easily find a different charger that supports both Indian and North American voltages/frequencies. That way, you won't need a step-up transformer, just a plug adapter.
EDIT: I just took a quick look at the specs of your Samsung phone, and it appears that it might not work in 3G mode in the US. Voice and text
should work fine, but due to a possible frequency incompatibility, data might be limited to 2G mode. Not totally sure though--good luck!
Samsung Galaxy Ace Duos S6802 - Full phone specifications