The answers to your various questions are quite complex, because the personal income taxation system in the U.S. is quite complex. I will try to keep my answers absolutely to the simplest dimensions of your questions.
"... in Washington State": Personal income earned within Washington state by residents of Washington state is not taxed by Washington state; but all residents of Washington state, if they earn income in the U.S.,
probably pay federal (national) U.S. income tax, with very few exceptions.
"... tax bands" in the U.S. are called "tax brackets".
Yes, in the federal U.S. income tax picture, there are different tax brackets, depending upon how much income is taxable. There is no fixed percentage for all workers, such as Japan's 10%. All tax brackets depend on how much of an individual's income is taxable.
"Any additional taxes?" On income? -- not for residents of Washington state. Since I know you're interested in moving to Washington state, I won't discuss the possibilities for any other state. (In Washington state there are property taxes on real estate, sales taxes on goods and services purchased, etc. but these are not taxes on income.)
Tax offsets, called here deductions or credits: yes, there can be many, depending on each individual's, or each family's, particular situation.
No, every
resident of the U.S. does not have to file a tax return. Every person in the world who earns income in the U.S.
usually is required to file a U.S. (federal) income tax return. There are exceptions, but they are quite few.
Salaries and wages paid by an employer automatically have amounts withheld (sent to the government) at every payday; those amounts are called withholding, or tax withheld.
The
amounts thus withheld are decided based on tables provided by the U.S. taxing authority, the Internal Revenue Service, known as the IRS. The employer simply follows the IRS requirement.
At the end of the year, the total amount withheld might be too much, or too little, or just right. It makes no difference -- every person residing anywhere in the world who has earned income in the U.S. is almost always required to file an income tax return, with very few exceptions.
Since Washington state and all the counties and cities within Washington state do NOT levy an income tax on individuals, the only taxing authority you would probably have to deal with when you move here is the IRS. This is their website. Every imaginable bit of information you might want is on this website.
Internal Revenue Service
and the section for Individuals:
Tax Information for Individuals
However, current
interpretations of all the IRS information we leave to the masters of the subject, tax accountants, usually tax Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), whose career is dedicated to comprehending the extremely complex, sometimes strange, and always-changing IRS rules.
If you have more questions, we'll do our best to answer.
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Income Tax
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