Business Search - 14 Million verified businesses
Property valuation of Valley Estates Drive, Raleigh, NC: 6416, 6500, 6504, 6508, 6512, 6516, 6604 (tax assessments)
Homes for sale in Raleigh, North Carolina
Listed properties vs overall distribution of properties in Raleigh, NC:
6416 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: JAMIE L FINAMORE & GREGORY JAENICKE FINAMORE
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $216,719
Total value for property: $312,719
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $185,000 (02/28/2002)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1981
Year addition was built: 2004
Effective year built: 1981
Heated area: 2,647 square feet
Land size: 14,810 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
1s Frame: 35 square feet Open Porch: 45 square feet 1s Frame: 135 square feet Garage Frame: 525 square feet 1s Frame: 14 square feet Deck: 174 square feet Storage: 96 square feet Stoop: 24 square feet Screened Porch: 192 square feet
6500 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: DANIEL J MCGOWAN & NATALIE MURRAY MCGOWAN
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $164,298
Total value for property: $260,298
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $271,000 (10/01/2007)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1981
Effective year built: 1981
Heated area: 2,074 square feet
Land size: 13,939 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
Open Porch: 45 square feet 1s Frame: 135 square feet 1s Frame: 35 square feet 1s Frame: 14 square feet Deck: 240 square feet Stoop: 28 square feet Storage: 18 square feet
6504 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: STEPHEN CRAWFORD & ALICE CRAWFORD
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $177,885
Total value for property: $273,885
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $242,000 (09/19/2005)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1982
Year addition was built: 2003
Effective year built: 1982
Heated area: 1,686 square feet
Land size: 26,136 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
Garage Frame: 780 square feet, built in 2003 Open Porch: 94 square feet 1s Frame: 6 square feet Open Porch: 30 square feet Storage: 20 square feet Screened Porch: 204 square feet Patio: 34 square feet
6508 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: RAJENDRA S CHHABRA & SWARN K CHHABRA
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $160,163
Total value for property: $256,163
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $80,000 (02/01/1983)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1982
Effective year built: 1982
Heated area: 1,976 square feet
Land size: 17,859 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
Open Porch: 40 square feet 1s Frame: 56 square feet Storage: 64 square feet 1s Frame: 12 square feet Deck: 252 square feet 1s Frame: 36 square feet Stoop: 35 square feet
6512 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: MITCHELL B MONTGOMERY & SUZANNE R MONTGOMERY
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $233,239
Total value for property: $329,239
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $196,000 (05/01/1997)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1982
Year addition was built: 1987
Effective year built: 1982
Heated area: 2,801 square feet
Land size: 16,117 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
Open Porch: 40 square feet 1s Frame: 12 square feet Screened Porch: 252 square feet 1s Frame: 220 square feet Garage Frame: 650 square feet 1s Frame: 35 square feet 1s Frame: 62 square feet Open Porch: 110 square feet Deck: 176 square feet
6516 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: GERARD JOSEPH SHANLEY & PATRICIA SNOW SHANLEY
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $188,533
Total value for property: $284,533
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $178,000 (03/23/1998)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1982
Effective year built: 1982
Heated area: 2,343 square feet
Land size: 16,552 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
1s Frame: 12 square feet Storage: 32 square feet Stoop: 35 square feet 1s Frame: 216 square feet Deck: 309 square feet
6604 Valley Estates Drive
Raleigh , NC
27612
Find on map >>
Owner: EDWARD A KULA & ARLENE A KULA
Land value: $96,000
Building value: $183,395
Total value for property: $279,395
Assessments for tax year: 2009/2010
Last sale: $112,500 (09/22/1986)
Builtins: One Fireplace
Year property was built: 1982
Effective year built: 1982
Heated area: 1,965 square feet
Land size: 18,295 square feet
Other improvements/additions:
Patio: 192 square feet Carport: 404 square feet Storage: 44 square feet Stoop: 37 square feet Deck: 72 square feet
Data:
Median household income ($)
Median household income (% change since 2000)
Median family income ($)
Median family income (% change since 2000)
Median non-family income ($)
Median non-family income (% change since 2000)
Median per capita income ($)
Median per capita income (% change since 2000)
Median resident age
Median resident age - Males
Median resident age - Females
Unemployment (%)
Unemployment (% change since 2000)
Commute - mean travel time to work (minutes)
Population density (people per square mile)
Household density (households per square mile)
Population - Males (%)
Population - Females (%)
Population in households (%)
Average household size
Family households (%)
Nonfamily households (%)
Family households with own children (%)
Households with people 60 years and over (%)
Households with people 65 years and over (%)
Households with people 75 years and over (%)
Households with one or more nonrelatives (%)
Households with no nonrelatives (%)
Population in families (%)
Average family size
Occupied housing units (%)
Vacant housing units (%)
Owner occupied housing units (%)
Renter occupied housing units (%)
Marital status - Never married (%)
Marital status - Now married (%)
Marital status - Separated (%)
Marital status - Widowed (%)
Marital status - Divorced (%)
Likely homosexual households (%)
Likely homosexual households (% change since 2000)
Likely homosexual households - Lesbian couples (%)
Likely homosexual households - Lesbian couples (% change since 2000)
Likely homosexual households - Gay men (%)
Likely homosexual households - Gay men (% change since 2000)
Races - White alone (%)
Races - White alone (% change since 2000)
Races - Black alone (%)
Races - Black alone (% change since 2000)
Races - American Indian alone (%)
Races - American Indian alone (% change since 2000)
Races - Asian alone (%)
Races - Asian alone (% change since 2000)
Races - Hispanic (%)
Races - Hispanic (% change since 2000)
Races - Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone (%)
Races - Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone (% change since 2000)
Races - Two or more races(%)
Races - Two or more races(% change since 2000)
Races - Other race alone (%)
Races - Other race alone (% change since 2000)
Median house or condo value ($)
Median house or condo value ($ change since 2000)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - 1, detached ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - 1, attached ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - 2 ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure by units in structure - 3 or 4 ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - 5 or more ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - Boat, RV, van, etc. ($)
Mean house or condo value by units in structure - Mobile home ($)
Median contract rent ($)
Median gross rent ($)
Median monthly housing costs ($)
Median household income for houses/condos with a mortgage ($)
Median household income for apartments without a mortgage ($)
Houses occupied (%)
Houses owner occupied (%)
Houses renter occupied (%)
Mortgage status - with mortgage (%)
Mortgage status - with second mortgage (%)
Mortgage status - with home equity loan (%)
Mortgage status - with both second mortgage and home equity loan (%)
Mortgage status - without a mortgage (%)
Median year house/condo built
Median year apartment built
Median number of rooms in houses and condos
Median number of rooms in apartments
House/condo owner moved in on average (years ago)
Renter moved in on average (years ago)
Housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities (%)
Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities (%)
Vacancy status - For rent (%)
Vacancy status - For sale only (%)
Vacancy status - Rented or sold, not occupied (%)
Vacancy status - For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use (%)
Vacancy status - For migrant workers (%)
Vacancy status - Other vacant (%)
Housing units in structures - 1, detached (%)
Housing units in structures - 1, attached (%)
Housing units in structures - 2 (%)
Housing units in structures - 3 or 4 (%)
Housing units in structures - 5 to 9 (%)
Housing units in structures - 10 to 19 (%)
Housing units in structures - 20 to 49 (%)
Housing units in structures - 50 or more (%)
Housing units in structures - Mobile home (%)
Housing units in structures - Boat, RV, van, etc. (%)
Year house built - Built 2005 or later (%)
Year house built - Built 2000 to 2004 (%)
Year house built - Built 1990 to 1999 (%)
Year house built - Built 1980 to 1989 (%)
Year house built - Built 1970 to 1979 (%)
Year house built - Built 1960 to 1969 (%)
Year house built - Built 1950 to 1959 (%)
Year house built - Built 1940 to 1949 (%)
Year house built - Built 1939 or earlier (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1999 to March 2000 (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1995 to 1998 (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1990 to 1994 (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1980 to 1989 (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1970 to 1979 (%)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1969 or earlier (%)
Residents speaking English at home (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Foreign born (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Foreign born (%)
Residents speaking other language at home (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Foreign born (%)
Geographical mobility - Same house 1 year ago (%)
Geographical mobility - Moved within same county (%)
Geographical mobility - Moved from different county within same state (%)
Geographical mobility - Moved from different state (%)
Geographical mobility - Moved from abroad (%)
Residents with income below the poverty level (%)
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level (%)
Children below poverty level (%)
Poor families by family type - Married-couple family (%)
Poor families by family type - Male, no wife present (%)
Poor families by family type - Female, no husband present (%)
Poverty status for native-born residents (%)
Poverty status for foreign-born residents (%)
Poverty among high school graduates not in families (%)
Poverty among people who did not graduate high school not in families (%)
Place of birth - Born in state of residence (%)
Place of birth - Born in other state (%)
Place of birth - Native, outside of US (%)
Place of birth - Foreign born (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutionalized population (%)
People in Group quarters - Correctional institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Federal prisons and detention centers (%)
People in Group quarters - Halfway houses (%)
People in Group quarters - Local jails and other confinement facilities (including police lockups) (%)
People in Group quarters - Military disciplinary barracks (%)
People in Group quarters - State prisons (%)
People in Group quarters - Other types of correctional institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Nursing homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals/wards, hospices, and schools for the handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals/wards and hospices for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospices or homes for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Military hospitals or wards for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Other hospitals or wards for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals or wards for drug/alcohol abuse (%)
People in Group quarters - Mental (Psychiatric) hospitals or wards (%)
People in Group quarters - Schools, hospitals, or wards for the mentally retarded (%)
People in Group quarters - Schools, hospitals, or wards for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutions for the deaf (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutions for the blind (%)
People in Group quarters - Orthopedic wards and institutions for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Wards in general hospitals for patients who have no usual home elsewhere (%)
People in Group quarters - Wards in military hospitals for patients who have no usual home elsewhere (%)
People in Group quarters - Juvenile institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Long-term care (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for abused, dependent, and neglected children (%)
People in Group quarters - Residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children (%)
People in Group quarters - Training schools for juvenile delinquents (%)
People in Group quarters - Short-term care, detention or diagnostic centers for delinquent children (%)
People in Group quarters - Type of juvenile institution unknown (%)
People in Group quarters - Noninstitutionalized population (%)
People in Group quarters - College dormitories (includes college quarters off campus) (%)
People in Group quarters - Military quarters (%)
People in Group quarters - On base (%)
People in Group quarters - Barracks, unaccompanied personnel housing (UPH), (Enlisted/Officer) (%)
People in Group quarters - Transient quarters for temporary residents (%)
People in Group quarters - Military ships (%)
People in Group quarters - Group homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes or halfway houses for drug/alcohol abuse (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the mentally ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the mentally retarded (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Other group homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Religious group quarters (%)
People in Group quarters - Dormitories (%)
People in Group quarters - Agriculture workers' dormitories on farms (%)
People in Group quarters - Job Corps and vocational training facilities (%)
People in Group quarters - Other workers' dormitories (%)
People in Group quarters - Crews of maritime vessels (%)
People in Group quarters - Other nonhousehold living situations (%)
People in Group quarters - Other noninstitutional group quarters (%)
Ancestries Reported - Arab (%)
Ancestries Reported - Czech (%)
Ancestries Reported - Danish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Dutch (%)
Ancestries Reported - English (%)
Ancestries Reported - French (%)
Ancestries Reported - French Canadian (%)
Ancestries Reported - German (%)
Ancestries Reported - Greek (%)
Ancestries Reported - Hungarian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Irish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Italian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Lithuanian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Norwegian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Polish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Portuguese (%)
Ancestries Reported - Russian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Scotch-Irish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Scottish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Slovak (%)
Ancestries Reported - Subsaharan African (%)
Ancestries Reported - Swedish (%)
Ancestries Reported - Swiss (%)
Ancestries Reported - Ukrainian (%)
Ancestries Reported - United States (%)
Ancestries Reported - Welsh (%)
Ancestries Reported - West Indian (%)
Ancestries Reported - Other (%)
Common Industries - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining (%)
Common Industries - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (%)
Common Industries - Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (%)
Common Industries - Construction (%)
Common Industries - Manufacturing (%)
Common Industries - Wholesale trade (%)
Common Industries - Retail trade (%)
Common Industries - Transportation and warehousing, and utilities (%)
Common Industries - Transportation and warehousing (%)
Common Industries - Utilities (%)
Common Industries - Information (%)
Common Industries - Finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing (%)
Common Industries - Finance and insurance (%)
Common Industries - Real estate and rental and leasing (%)
Common Industries - Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (%)
Common Industries - Professional, scientific, and technical services (%)
Common Industries - Management of companies and enterprises (%)
Common Industries - Administrative and support and waste management services (%)
Common Industries - Educational services, and health care and social assistance (%)
Common Industries - Educational services (%)
Common Industries - Health care and social assistance (%)
Common Industries - Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services (%)
Common Industries - Arts, entertainment, and recreation (%)
Common Industries - Accommodation and food services (%)
Common Industries - Other services, except public administration (%)
Common Industries - Public administration (%)
Common Occupations - Management, professional, and related occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Management, business, and financial occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Management occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Business and financial operations occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Professional and related occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Computer and mathematical occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Architecture and engineering occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Life, physical, and social science occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Community and social services occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Legal occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Education, training, and library occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other technical occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Health technologists and technicians (%)
Common Occupations - Service occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Healthcare support occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Protective service occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Fire fighting and prevention, and other protective service workers(%)
Common Occupations - Law enforcement workers including supervisors (%)
Common Occupations - Food preparation and serving related occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Personal care and service occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Sales and office occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Sales and related occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Office and administrative support occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Construction, extraction, maintenance, and repair occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Construction and extraction occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Production, transportation, and material moving occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Production occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Transportation and material moving occupations (%)
Common Occupations - Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers(%)
Common Occupations - Motor vehicle operators (%)
Common Occupations - Material moving workers (%)
Class of Workers - Employee of private company (%)
Class of Workers - Self-employed in own incorporated business (%)
Class of Workers - Private not-for-profit wage and salary workers (%)
Class of Workers - Local government workers (%)
Class of Workers - State government workers (%)
Class of Workers - Federal government workers (%)
Class of Workers - Self-employed workers in own not incorporated business and Unpaid family workers (%)
Means of transportation to work - Drove car alone (%)
Means of transportation to work - Carpooled (%)
Means of transportation to work - Public transportation (%)
Means of transportation to work - Bus or trolley bus (%)
Means of transportation to work - Streetcar or trolley car (%)
Means of transportation to work - Subway or elevated (%)
Means of transportation to work - Railroad (%)
Means of transportation to work - Ferryboat (%)
Means of transportation to work - Taxicab (%)
Means of transportation to work - Motorcycle (%)
Means of transportation to work - Bicycle (%)
Means of transportation to work - Walked (%)
Means of transportation to work - Other means (%)
Working at home (%)
Educational Attainment - No schooling completed (%)
Educational Attainment - Less than high school (%)
Educational Attainment - High school or equivalent (%)
Educational Attainment - Less than 1 year of college (%)
Educational Attainment - 1 or more years of college (%)
Educational Attainment - Associate degree (%)
Educational Attainment - Bachelor's degree (%)
Educational Attainment - Master's degree (%)
Educational Attainment - Professional school degree (%)
Educational Attainment - Doctorate degree (%)
School Enrollment - Nursery, preschool (%)
School Enrollment - Kindergarten (%)
School Enrollment - Grade 1 to 4 (%)
School Enrollment - Grade 5 to 8 (%)
School Enrollment - Grade 9 to 12 (%)
School Enrollment - College undergrad (%)
School Enrollment - Graduate or professional (%)
School Enrollment - Not enrolled in school (%)
Houses
Urban houses (%)
Rural houses (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Utility gas (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Bottled, tank, or LP gas (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Electricity (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Coal or coke (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Wood (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Solar energy (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Other fuel (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - No fuel used (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Utility gas (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Bottled, tank, or LP gas (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Electricity (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Coal or coke (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Wood (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Solar energy (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Other fuel (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - No fuel used (%)
Armed forces status - In Armed Forces (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian - Veteran (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian - Nonveteran (%)
Median household income ($) - White
Median household income ($) - Black or African American
Median household income ($) - Asian
Median household income ($) - Hispanic or Latino
Median household income ($) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median household income ($) - Multirace
Median household income ($) - Other
Median family income ($) - White
Median family income ($) - Black or African American
Median family income ($) - Asian
Median family income ($) - Hispanic or Latino
Median family income ($) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median family income ($) - Multirace
Median family income ($) - Other
Unemployment (%) - White
Unemployment (%) - Black or African American
Unemployment (%) - Asian
Unemployment (%) - Hispanic or Latino
Unemployment (%) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Unemployment (%) - Multirace
Unemployment (%) - Other
Median house or condo value ($) - White
Median house or condo value ($) - Black or African American
Median house or condo value ($) - Asian
Median house or condo value ($) - Hispanic or Latino
Median house or condo value ($) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median house or condo value ($) - Multirace
Median house or condo value ($) - Other
Population - Males (%) - White
Population - Males (%) - Black or African American
Population - Males (%) - Asian
Population - Males (%) - Hispanic or Latino
Population - Males (%) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Population - Males (%) - Multirace
Population - Males (%) - Other
Population - Females (%) - White
Population - Females (%) - Black or African American
Population - Females (%) - Asian
Population - Females (%) - Hispanic or Latino
Population - Females (%) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Population - Females (%) - Multirace
Population - Females (%) - Other
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - White
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - Black or African American
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - Asian
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - Hispanic or Latino
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - American Indian and Alaska Native
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - Multirace
Residents with income below the poverty level (%) - Other
Median resident age - White
Median resident age - Black or African American
Median resident age - Asian
Median resident age - Hispanic or Latino
Median resident age - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median resident age - Multirace
Median resident age - Other
Median resident age - Males - White
Median resident age - Males - Black or African American
Median resident age - Males - Asian
Median resident age - Males - Hispanic or Latino
Median resident age - Males - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median resident age - Males - Multirace
Median resident age - Males - Other
Median resident age - Females - White
Median resident age - Females - Black or African American
Median resident age - Females - Asian
Median resident age - Females - Hispanic or Latino
Median resident age - Females - American Indian and Alaska Native
Median resident age - Females - Multirace
Median resident age - Females - Other
Average household size - White
Average household size - Black or African American
Average household size - Asian
Average household size - Hispanic or Latino
Average household size - American Indian and Alaska Native
Average household size - Multirace
Average household size - Other
Average family size - White
Average family size - Black or African American
Average family size - Asian
Average family size - Hispanic or Latino
Average family size - American Indian and Alaska Native
Average family size - Multirace
Average family size - Other
Back to: Wake County, NC property tax assessment data , Raleigh ,
North Carolina , All US cities .
Lasalle Lane 
