All U.S. Cities  
City-Data Forum City-Data

01860 Zip Code Detailed Profile

 


Jump to a detailed profile or search
site with Google Custom Search


Profiles 01860 houses, apartments, residents, cars, jobs...

Back to All US cities.



According to our research of Massachusetts and other state lists there was 1 registered sex offender living in 01860 zip code as of May 19, 2013.
The ratio of number of residents in zip code 01860 to the number of sex offenders is 6,388 to 1.
The number of registered sex offenders compared to the number of residents in this zip code is a lot smaller than the state average.


Median resident age:
This zip code:

42.3 years
Massachusetts median age:

38.9 years

Average household size:
This zip code:

2.7 people
Massachusetts:

2.5 people

Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 01860, filed in 2005:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $58,395 (Individual Income Tax Returns)
Here:

$58,395
State:

$62,877

Salary/wage: $53,256 (reported on 86.3% of returns)
Here:

$53,256
State:

$52,969
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 87.5% for AGIs below $10k, 63.8% for AGIs $10k-25k, 77.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 82.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 85.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 76.6% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $868 (reported on 63.1% of returns)
This zip code:

$868
Massachusetts:

$1,945
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 4.2% for AGIs below $10k, 1.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable dividends: $2,183 (reported on 30.9% of returns)
Here:

$2,183
State:

$5,323
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.9% for AGIs below $10k, 1.2% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Net capital gain/loss: +$6,510 (reported on 25.4% of returns)
Here:

+$6,510
State:

+$20,377
(% of AGI for various income ranges: -4.2% for AGIs below $10k, 0.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 5.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from business: +$15,358 (reported on 17.7% of returns)
Here:

+$15,358
State:

+$17,837
(% of AGI for various income ranges: -0.8% for AGIs below $10k, 9.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 4.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 3.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.3% for AGIs over 100k)

IRA payment deduction: $3,387 (reported on 3.2% of returns)
01860:

$3,387
Massachusetts:

$3,100
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.3% for AGIs below $10k, 0.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.1% for AGIs over 100k)

Self-employed pension: $10,278 (reported on 1.2% of returns)
Here:

$10,278
Massachusetts:

$14,516

Total itemized deductions: $20,258 (22% of AGI, reported on 49.3% of returns)
Here:

$20,258
State:

$22,573

Here:

21.7% of AGI
State:

19.5% of AGI
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 15.4% for AGIs below $10k, 14.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 15.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 19.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 20.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 15.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Charity contributions deductions: $1,874 (2% of AGI, reported on 44.6% of returns)
Here:

$1,874
State:

$3,295

Here:

1.9% of AGI
State:

2.7% of AGI
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.6% for AGIs below $10k, 1.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 1.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.6% for AGIs over 100k)

Total tax: $8,485 (reported on 82.7% of returns)
01860:

$8,485
State:

$11,494
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.1% for AGIs below $10k, 5.0% for AGIs $10k-25k, 7.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 8.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 9.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 16.3% for AGIs over 100k)

Earned income credit: $1,324 (reported on 6.3% of returns)
Here:

$1,324
State:

$1,518

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 55.1%
Here:

55%
State:

58%
(% for various income ranges: 43.9% for AGIs below $10k, 53.8% for AGIs $10k-25k, 54.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 63.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 54.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 62.8% for AGIs over 100k)


Estimated median household income in 2010:
This zip code:

$87,196
Massachusetts:

$63,961

01860 map

Nearest zip codes: 01985, 03858, 01913, 03827, 01830, 01834.

Percentage of family households:
This zip code:

50.2%
Massachusetts:

49.6%


Housing units in zip code 01860 with a mortgage: 1,502 (106 second mortgage, 393 home equity loan, 15 both second mortgage and home equity loan)
Houses without a mortgage: 506

Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $2,280

Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $702

Residents with income below the poverty level in 2010:
This zip code:

9.3%
Whole state:

10.8%

Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2010:
This zip code:

0.7%
Whole state:

5.9%

Median number of rooms in houses and condos:
Here:

6.8
State:

6.5

Median number of rooms in apartments:
Here:

5.2
State:

4.1


Click to draw/clear zip code borders

Notable locations in this zip code not listed on our city pages:

Notable locations in zip code 01860: Merrimac Fire Department (A), Thomas Hoyt Memorial Library (B). Display/hide their locations on the map

Cemeteries: Locust Grove Cemetery (1), Church Street Cemetery (2), Lower Corner Cemetery (3). Display/hide their locations on the map

Lakes and swamps: Sargent Millpond (A), Neal Pond (B). Display/hide their locations on the map

Streams, rivers, and creeks: Cobbler Brook (A), Nichols Creek (B). Display/hide their locations on the map

 

Year house built

  • 2005 or later: 56
  • 2000 to 2004: 229
  • 1990 to 1999: 435
  • 1980 to 1989: 368
  • 1970 to 1979: 241
  • 1960 to 1969: 159
  • 1950 to 1959: 258
  • 1940 to 1949: 252
  • 1939 or earlier: 750


Zip code 01860 satellite photo by USGS

Bedrooms in houses/apartments in 01860
Owner-occupied Renter-occupied
  • no bedroom: 0
  • 1 bedroom: 97
  • 2 bedrooms: 663
  • 3 bedrooms: 855
  • 4 bedrooms: 392
  • 5+ bedrooms: 74
  • no bedroom: 144
  • 1 bedroom: 71
  • 2 bedrooms: 276
  • 3 bedrooms: 79
  • 4 bedrooms: 28
  • 5+ bedrooms: 106
Cars and other vehicles available in 01860 in houses/condos/apartments
Owner-occupied Renter-occupied
  • no vehicle: 419
  • 1 vehicle: 518
  • 2 vehicles: 936
  • 3 vehicles: 292
  • 4 vehicles: 144
  • 5+ vehicles: 106
  • no vehicle: 57
  • 1 vehicle: 229
  • 2 vehicles: 132
  • 3 vehicles: 49
  • 4 vehicles: 18
  • 5+ vehicles: 0


Estimated household income distribution in 2009:

Zip code 01860 household income distribution in 2009

Zip code 01860 house/condo values in 2010

Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2010 in zip code 01860:

  • $25,000 to $29,999: 59
  • $30,000 to $34,999: 72
  • $35,000 to $39,999: 146
  • $40,000 to $49,999: 61
  • $60,000 to $69,999: 40
  • $70,000 to $79,999: 44
  • $80,000 to $89,999: 132
  • $90,000 to $99,999: 74
  • $100,000 to $124,999: 144
  • $125,000 to $149,999: 210
  • $150,000 to $174,999: 43
  • $175,000 to $199,999: 51
  • $200,000 to $249,999: 232
  • $250,000 to $299,999: 328
  • $300,000 to $399,999: 399
  • $400,000 to $499,999: 310
  • $500,000 to $749,999: 348
  • $750,000 to $999,999: 96
  • $1,000,000 or more: 49

 



01860 rent paid by renters

Rent paid by renters in 2010 in zip code 01860:

  • Less than $100: 21
  • $200 to $249: 55
  • $300 to $349: 39
  • $350 to $399: 78
  • $400 to $449: 36
  • $450 to $499: 130
  • $500 to $549: 48
  • $650 to $699: 35
  • $700 to $749: 39
  • $750 to $799: 165
  • $800 to $899: 1,730
  • $900 to $999: 29
  • $1,000 to $1,249: 130
  • $1,250 to $1,499: 15
  • $1,500 to $1,999: 34
  • No cash rent: 39
 

Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2010 for:

  • White Non-Hispanic householders: $430,729
  • American Indian or Alaska Native householders: $669,131
  • Two or more races householders: $358,463

Estimated median house or condo value in 2010: $384,273
01860:

$384,273
Massachusetts:

$342,000
Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $292,516 - $508,125

Owners and renters by unit type in %

Breakdown of mean house values by ages of householders

Housing units in structures:

  • One, detached: 1,651
  • One, attached: 244
  • Two: 201
  • 3 or 4: 310
  • 5 to 9: 42
  • 10 to 19: 31
  • 20 to 49: 98
  • 50 or more: 231
  • Mobile homes: 679
01860 zip code mode of transportation to work chart

Means of transportation to work

  • Drove a car alone: 2,792 (83%)
  • Carpooled: 225 (7%)
  • Bus or trolley bus: 37 (1%)
  • Railroad: 68 (2%)
  • Bicycle: 16 (0%)
  • Walked: 120 (4%)
  • Other means: 27 (1%)
  • Worked at home: 205 (6%)
 

01860 zip code travel time to work (commute)

Travel time to work (commute)

  • Less than 5 minutes: 106
  • 5 to 9 minutes: 250
  • 10 to 14 minutes: 406
  • 15 to 19 minutes: 412
  • 20 to 24 minutes: 425
  • 25 to 29 minutes: 262
  • 30 to 34 minutes: 381
  • 35 to 39 minutes: 83
  • 40 to 44 minutes: 171
  • 45 to 59 minutes: 422
  • 60 to 89 minutes: 190
  • 90 or more minutes: 73
 

Neighborhoods in zip code 01860:

Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 70.7%

Household type by relationship:

Households: 6,103
  • In family households: 5,471 (1,368 male householders, 334 female householders)
    1,408 spouses, 2,126 children (2,003 natural, 41 adopted, 82 stepchildren), 60 grandchildren, 22 brothers or sisters, 45 parents, 26 other relatives, 82 non-relatives
  • In nonfamily households: 632 (154 male householders (116 living alone)), 374 female householders (325 living alone)), 104 nonrelatives
  • In group quarters: 35 (23 institutionalized population)

Size of family households: 668 2-persons, 309 3-persons, 456 4-persons, 145 5-persons, 77 6-persons, 8 7-or-more-persons

Size of nonfamily households: 565 1-person, 187 2-persons, 39 3-persons

999 married couples with children.
350 single-parent households (110 men, 240 women).

95.1% of residents of 01860 zip code speak English at home.
3.5% of residents speak Spanish at home (68% very well, 5% well, 27% not well).
13.0% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (18% very well, 73% well, 9% not well).
2.3% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (100% very well).
1.3% of residents speak other language at home (100% very well).

Foreign born population: 127 (2.0%)
(85.4% of them are naturalized citizens)
This zip code:

2.0%
Whole state:

14.8%

Most common places of birth for the foreign-born residents:

  • Canada (24%)
  • United Kingdom (22%)
  • Italy (15%)
  • Ireland (8%)
  • Germany (7%)
  • Indonesia (7%)
  • Taiwan (6%)

Year of entry for the foreign-born population

  • 2000 or later: 19
  • 1990 to 1999: 150
  • 1980 to 1989: 55
  • Before 1980: 117

Races in zip code 01860:

White population: 6,107
Black population: 130
American Indian population: 34
Asian population: 82
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population: 0
Some other race population: 326
Two or more races population: 57
Hispanic or Latino population: 60

First ancestries reported:

 Irish: 1,199
 English: 913
 French (except Basque): 589
 Italian: 580
 French Canadian: 530
 German: 277
 Polish: 275
 Other groups: 199
 American: 176
 Scottish: 166
 Scotch-Irish: 141
 Swedish: 123
 Brazilian: 118
 Portuguese: 98
 Canadian: 85
 Welsh: 71
 Russian: 60
 Greek: 58
 Scandinavian: 57
 Kenyan: 55
 Norwegian: 49
 Danish: 45
 Hungarian: 39
 European: 34
 Czech: 23
 British: 21
 Armenian: 21
 Arab: 21
 Dutch: 19
 Lebanese: 18
 Ukrainian: 17
 Northern European: 15
 Austrian: 14
 Other Arab: 14
 Subsaharan African: 14
 Turkish: 11
 Eastern European: 9
 Lithuanian: 9
 Maltese: 9
 Arab: 9
 Croatian: 7
 Ethiopian: 7
 Estonian: 7
 Romanian: 6
 Swiss: 4



Zip code 01860 topographic map

Facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:

  • BROX INDUSTRIES INC (10 NORTH ST in MERRIMAC, MA)
    AIR SYNTHETIC MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
    ENFORCEMENT/COMPLIANCE ACTIVITY (Integrated Compliance Information System) - ICIS-01-2003-0131, FORMAL ENFORCEMENT ACTION, ICIS-01-2004-9122,
    (Integrated Compliance Information System) - ICIS-01-2003-0131, FORMAL ENFORCEMENT ACTION, ICIS-01-2004-9122,
    CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
    Business SIC classification: ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES AND BLOCKS
  • COASTAL METAL FINISHING (2 LITTLE'S COURT in MERRIMAC, MA)
    AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
    SUPERFUND (Superfund database)
    COMPLIANCE ACTIVITY (Tracking inspections of insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, and toxic substances)
    CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
    HAZARDOUS WASTE BIENNIAL REPORTER (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
    (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
    TRI REPORTER (Tracking of toxic chemicals releasing facilities)
    Business SIC and NAICS classification: ELECTROPLATING, PLATING, POLISHING, ANODIZING, AND COLORING
  • DR FREDERICK N SWEETSIR (104 CHURCH STREET in MERRIMAC, MA)
    (National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-745020
    Organizations: PENTUCKET (SCHOOL DISTRICT)
  • MERRIMAC AUTO SALE & SERVICE (130 EAST MAIN ST in MERRIMAC, MA)
    (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
    Organizations: DON NEWCOMB (CONTACT/OWNER)
  • MERRIMAC W W T P (50 FEDERAL WAY in MERRIMAC, MA)
    National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit
    Business SIC classification: SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
    Organizations: MERRIMAC, TOWN OF (CONTACT/OWNER)
    Alternative names: MERRIMAC W W T F
  • MERRIMAC WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WALLACE WAY in MERRIMAC, MA)
    National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit
    Business SIC classification: WATER SUPPLY
    Organizations: MERRIMAC WATER DEPARTMENT (CONTACT/OWNER)
    Alternative names: MARRIMAC WATER TREATMENT PLANT, MERRIMAC WTP
  • NEW ENGLAND TELE (CENTRAL ST in MERRIMAC, MA)
    (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  • MERRIMAC (TOWN OF MERRIMAC in MERRIMAC, MA)
    AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS)
    Business SIC classification: GENERAL GOVERNMENT
    Alternative names: MERRIMACK
  • LAIDLAW TRANSIT INC (123 WEST MAIN ST in MERRIMAC, MA)
    Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators, less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification
    Organizations: STRATEGIC REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT LLC (CONTACT/OWNER)
    Alternative names: MCGREGOR SMITH MOTOR CO INC
  • MERRIMAC MUNICIPAL LIGHT DEPART (EAST MAIN ST in MERRIMAC, MA)
    Small Quantity Generators, between 100 kg and 1000 kg of hazardous waste/month (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification
    Alternative names: MERRIMAC TOWN OF MUN LIGHT DEPT
  • MERRIMAC LANDFILL (BATTIS RD in MERRIMAC, MA)
    CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT INVENTORY (Inventory of air pollution sources)
    Business SIC classification: REFUSE SYSTEMS
    Business NAICS classification: SOLID WASTE LANDFILL.
  • MERRIMAC, TOWN OF (4 SCHOOL STREET in MERRIMAC, MA)
    ENFORCEMENT/COMPLIANCE ACTIVITY (Integrated Compliance Information System)


Zip code 01860 marital status for males
Zip code 01860 marital status for females


Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities: 10.5%

Most commonly used house heating fuel:

  • Utility gas (41%)
  • Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (35%)
  • Bottled, tank, or LP gas (8%)
  • Electricity (8%)
  • Wood (2%)
  • No fuel used (2%)
  • Solar energy (1%)
  • Other fuel (1%)
  • Coal or coke (1%)

Population in 1990: 5,196. Population change in the 1990s: +942 (+18.1%).

Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:

  • This state: 4,874
  • Northeast: 742
  • Midwest: 157
  • South: 157
  • West: 78

65% of the 01860 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 69% lived in this county.
   Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Massachusetts.

Year Householders Moved Into Unit:

Private vs. public school enrollment:

Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 194
Here:

20.9%
Massachusetts:

10.3%

Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 88
Here:

19.6%
Massachusetts:

12.3%

Students in private undergraduate colleges: 628
Here:

63.4%
Massachusetts:

49.8%

Educational Attainment (%)

School Enrollment by Level of School (%)


Class of Workers (%)


Companies with federal contracts located in this zip code:

  • MANUFACTURERS RUBBER & SUPPLY (27 E MAIN ST in MERRIMAC, MA; small business)
    $5,724 with Air Force for Rubber Fabricated Materials. Signed on 2003-04-03. Completion date: 2003-04-30.

Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:

  • Other Services (except Public Administration): Linen Supply (50-99 employees: 1 establishment)
  • Management of Companies and Enterprises: Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices (50-99: 1)
  • Accommodation and Food Services: Limited-Service Restaurants (20-49: 1, 10-19: 1, 1-4: 1)
  • Other Services (except Public Administration): Beauty Salons (10-19: 1, 5-9: 2, 1-4: 2)
  • Health Care and Social Assistance: Residential Mental Retardation Facilities (20-49: 1)
  • Finance and Insurance: Savings Institutions (20-49: 1)
  • Construction: Residential Remodelers (5-9: 2, 1-4: 7)
  • Wholesale Trade: Industrial Machinery and Equipment Merchant Wholesalers (10-19: 1, 5-9: 1)

Age and Sex of Sensory-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)

Age and Sex of Physically-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)

Age and Sex of Mentally-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)

Age and Sex of Self-Care Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)

Age and Sex of Go-Outside-Home Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)

Age and Sex of Residents with Employment Disability (Noninst.)




People in group quarters:

  • 14 people in homes for abused, dependent, and neglected children
  • 9 people in homes for the mentally retarded
  • 7 people in residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children
  • 4 people in other noninstitutional group quarters


Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Aggregated Statistics For Year 2009
(Based on 2 full tracts)
A) FHA, FSA/RHS & VA
Home Purchase Loans		B) Conventional
Home Purchase Loans		C) Refinancings
D) Home Improvement Loans
F) Non-occupant Loans on
< 5 Family Dwellings (A B C & D)		G) Loans On Manufactured
Home Dwelling (A B C & D)
NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value
LOANS ORIGINATED45$243,70688$242,671435$242,78322$101,16016$213,60414$28,571
APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$288,2402$442,16039$281,1992$259,8050$00$0
APPLICATIONS DENIED6$179,74020$285,88598$279,0744$117,1584$275,4934$52,453
APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN4$203,43314$248,32163$261,6270$00$00$0
FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$04$46,57029$300,8140$00$04$46,570
Choose year:  2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999

Detailed HMDA statistics for the following Tracts: 2621.00

Private Mortgage Insurance Companies Aggregated Statistics For Year 2009
(Based on 2 full tracts)
A) Conventional
Home Purchase Loans		B) Refinancings
NumberAverage ValueNumberAverage Value
LOANS ORIGINATED10$290,7876$278,433
APPLICATIONS APPROVED, NOT ACCEPTED2$267,6502$214,710
APPLICATIONS DENIED0$02$243,140
APPLICATIONS WITHDRAWN0$04$214,708
FILES CLOSED FOR INCOMPLETENESS0$02$247,060
Choose year:  2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999

Detailed PMIC statistics for the following Tracts: 2621.00

Conventional Home Purchase Loans

Conventional Home Purchase Loans - Value


Most common first names in zip code 01860 among deceased individuals
NameCountLived (average)
John4674.4 years
Joseph3272.5 years
George2976.1 years
Robert2772.9 years
Mary2778.1 years
William2570.6 years
Harold2276.3 years
Charles2272.2 years
James1972.8 years
Frank1976.1 years
Most common last names in zip code 01860 among deceased individuals
Last nameCountLived (average)
Smith2475.2 years
Hoyt980.7 years
Adams881.7 years
Clark880.4 years
Hume876.5 years
Sargent874.7 years
Stewart771.5 years
Brown782.7 years
Goodwin679.5 years
Grant680.8 years
Businesses in zip code 01860
NameCountNameCount
Decora Cabinetry2FedEx1
Dunkin Donuts1MasterBrand Cabinets2


Back to Merrimac, MA, Essex County, MA, Massachusetts bigger cities, Massachusetts smaller cities, Massachusetts smallest towns, All U.S. cities.


Recent home sales, price trends, and home value evaluator powered by Onboard Informatics
© 2012 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
 
City-data.com does not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of any information on this site.  Use at your own risk.
Website © 2003-2012 Advameg, Inc.