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Of course the NYT writer didn't mean to say this, but it is the logical conclusion from the evidence presented.
Quote:
America’s Brutal Racial History Is Written All Over Our Genes
Recent research conducted by 23andMe demonstrates how America’s brutal history is revealed through our genes. While the majority of enslaved people brought to the Americas were male, the study found enslaved women had a disproportionate impact on the gene pool of their descendants, evidence of the systematic rape and sexual exploitation of enslaved Black women. “Our genes tell a story that’s unflinching,” said Anita Foeman, a professor at West Chester University who studies people’s experiences with consumer DNA testing.
OK, but how disproportionate in the U.S. compared with elsewhere?
Quote:
The scientists calculated that enslaved women in the United States contributed 1.5 times more to the modern-day gene pool of people of African descent than enslaved men. In the Latin Caribbean, they contributed 13 times more. In Northern South America, they contributed 17 times more.
So black females slaves were far more likely to have children by black men than in Latin America.
And why was that?
Quote:
...in other regions where enslaved men were less likely to reproduce, dangerous practices like rice farming — in which harsh conditions and muddy fields made it easier to drown, and malaria was common — may have killed many of them before they could have children.”
Also...
Quote:
in the United States, European men contributed three times more to the modern-day gene pool of people of African descent than European women did. In the British Caribbean, they contributed 25 times more.
Sounds like, on the whole, slavery was considerably less brutal in the U.S. than elsewhere.
I haven't really dug into it but I doubt the 23andme data proves paternity let alone rape 150 plus years ago. The data shows American whites are very European in ancestry. I just find it very unlikely that white American males mated with let alone raped black women in the slave days in any significant number. Most of the white admixture in blacks happened after slavery with white female black male mating.
I haven't really dug into it but I doubt the 23andme data proves paternity let alone rape 150 plus years ago. The data shows American whites are very European in ancestry. I just find it very unlikely that white American males mated with let alone raped black women in the slave days in any significant number. Most of the white admixture in blacks happened after slavery with white female black male mating.
Look at most black Americans.
Now look at the african tribes who kidnapped and sold them.
They look like different races. That didn't ALL happen after the civil war.
It's something interesting to throw in the faces of american black supremacists.
Now look at the african tribes who kidnapped and sold them.
They look like different races. That didn't ALL happen after the civil war.
It certainly could have, besides it doesn't necessarily mean the parings were forced and not consensual. I remember in my youth and I'm not very old blacks were less white mixed and the more mixed blacks are in free northern states and if you look at earlier 20th century footage mixed was very uncommon. If we want to talk about interracial rape there's no contest who wins that distinction by 10s of thousands to zero every year.
So the prevailing narrative, that an especially brutal form of slavery was practiced in the United Sates, is wrong. Far more African slaves were brought to Latin America, and they were treated far worse there. Blacks brought to the U.S.A. had more opportunity to be fruitful and multiply, and their descendants have thrived.
With what happened to the people enslaved in the Carribean and S America when compared to the US. America was in fact a paradise.
Slaves in America were EXPENSIVE. In other places a slave was easy to replace.
Not to mention the benefit of having your descendants born in America.
We black Americans have no reason to whine about our importation to America (sold by our own African kings) when we just as easily could've landed in Brazilian favelas or Haiti. Let's ask those folks what they would do to come to America.
Hell, America wasn't even a large participator in slavery, with only 200K imported, while Brazil imported over 4 million slaves.
There's just no room to whine when our situation turned out 1000x better than any other alternative.
I haven't really dug into it but I doubt the 23andme data proves paternity let alone rape 150 plus years ago. The data shows American whites are very European in ancestry. I just find it very unlikely that white American males mated with let alone raped black women in the slave days in any significant number. Most of the white admixture in blacks happened after slavery with white female black male mating.
You haven't dug into it at all.
23andMe looks at Y-chromosomes, which are passed from father to son. They also look at mitochondrial dna which are passed from the mother to her children (boy or girl as it comes from the egg).
These genes form mutations, and they use these mutations to create a tree, that traces the genes origin from Africa or Europe.
These trees go back 10,000s of years. So laugh again at your "150 plus years ago" skepticism.
Whether you like it or not, scientists can tell if you're Black or White from your genes.
Please familiarize yourselves with the histories of the places you are discussing.
Latin Caribbean and much of South America were different because the Spanish and Portuguese were accustomed to relations with Africans prior to occupying the Americas. Additionally, in places like the Dominican Republic, slavery was never widespread over the whole nation. In the countrysides, poor Spaniards and Africans mixed, as many Africans were not enslaved for as long. Thus, the mixed population of the DR, for example. Under the Spanish, the more Spanish and Catholic you were, the better. As such, Spaniard men had a different approach to relations with African women than the British.
Quote:
For example, Spanish, Portuguese, and to a lesser extent French settlers from along the Mediterranean Sea often had greater exposure to sub-Saharan Africans through maritime trade systems established before the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Historian Frank Tannenbaum argued that this prior exposure translated to greater openness towards manumission (where individual slaveholders could choose to free their slaves), multicultural exchange, sexual relationships, and even intermarriage between Europeans and Africans. In contrast, northern European settlers and traders, such as the English and Dutch, had less prior exposure to sub-Saharan Africans, or to Mediterranean slavery systems. Their laws for establishing chattel slavery formed primarily in the context of the New World, with a heightened economic incentive to secure slavery for plantation agriculture through rigid racial hierarchies.
Further, having a enslaved father and mother means nothing. In the U.S., the slavemasters would forced African women to make children with any male slave they chose. Male slaves were treated as breeders, to sleep with many women to create more slaves. Couples were broken if they did not produce children and they would be forced to be with others. Still, most of the European ancestry in African-Americans comes from rape, as marriage was forbidden between Europeans and Africans until the late 1900s, unlike in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Quote:
In the South there were slave “breeding farms,” where the number of women and children far outnumbered the number of men.
In terms of the rest of the British Caribbean, it depends on the island. Many of the islands are more highly African than even African-Americans. Like in the U.S., they forced enslaved men to reproduce with enslaved women who were not their spouses. See Jamaica and Grenada, for example, who are more African.
Different approaches to slavery and colonialism but all horrible regardless..
Last edited by ReineDeCoeur; 02-17-2021 at 03:14 AM..
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