08-23-2011, 07:59 PM
Location: Prescott Valley, AZ
1,929 posts, read
5,888,611 times
Reputation: 1496
Panophobia = the fear of everything. Of course long term exposure to high levels of radon can cause cancer. The key question is how do low doses of radon affect the body? How exactly does the EPA determine that radon caused someone to have lung cancer? How do they calculate that 2,900 non-smokers die each year from radon-induced lung cancer? How do they know that those 2,900 people did not get lung cancer from secondhand smoke or from genetic predisposition or from smog or from eating peanut butter? So, let's assume that 2,900 is actually correct. Assuming that we're talking about the US and not the world population, then your chances of getting lung cancer from radon in any given year are 0.0009%. That's pretty darn low.
Let's put radon-caused death into comparison. For every 100,000 people per year, about 0.88 people will die from radon-induced lung cancer. Let's be generous and call that one person per hundred thousand. Here are some other ways that people will die: 5 times as many will die from fire. 10 times as many will die from poisoning. 6 times as many will die from violence. 11 times as many will commit suicide. 200 times as many will die from heart disease. 41 times as many will die from accidents. 15 times as many will die from a traffic accident.
Since 15 times as many people die from traffic accidents, maybe realtors should investigate car accident frequencies near subdivisions and warn their clients that one subdivision has more car accidents than another subdivision. Afterall, car accidents are seemingly 15 times more dangerous than radon.
If you spend your whole life constantly in fear of death, have you really lived?
08-23-2011, 10:11 PM
13,167 posts, read
21,723,664 times
Reputation: 14051
Quote:
Originally Posted by
DellNec
Boy oh boy.
The cause of death listing is "lung cancer". They would not list the cause of death as "death by radon", even though the radon caused the lung cancer.
The same goes for cigarettes, the cause of death would be ruled "lung cancer", not "death by cigarettes".
Try not to hurt yourself with all that head-slapping, because that's not what I said. I said I never met anyone who knows anybody who got cancer from radon. When somebody you know gets cancer that has an obvious cause like them being heavy smokers, a welder (friend of mine), asbestos, a miner, etc, you know about it.
The number of smokers who supposedly die from radon is TEN-TIMES the number of non-smokers who supposedly die from radon (only 2900/year). Get it? The real danger is smoking!
08-23-2011, 10:58 PM
Location: Arizona
1,665 posts, read
2,931,734 times
Reputation: 2383
A Citizen's Guide to Radon | Radon | US EPA
Radon can be found all over the U.S.
Radon comes from the natural (radioactive) breakdown of uranium in soil, rock and water and gets into the air you breathe. Radon can be found all over the U.S. It can get into any type of building — homes, offices, and schools — and result in a high indoor radon level. But you and your family are most likely to get your greatest exposure at home, where you spend most of your time.
You should test for radon.
Testing is the only way to know if you and your family are at risk from radon. EPA and the Surgeon General recommend testing all homes below the third floor for radon. EPA also recommends testing in schools.
Testing is inexpensive and easy — it should only take a few minutes of your time. Millions of Americans have already tested their homes for radon (see How to Test Your Home ).
You can fix a radon problem.
Radon reduction systems work and they are not too costly. Some radon reduction systems can reduce radon levels in your home by up to 99%. Even very high levels can be reduced to acceptable levels.
08-23-2011, 11:43 PM
1,229 posts, read
3,856,447 times
Reputation: 685
Quote:
Originally Posted by
BriansPerspective
If you spend your whole life constantly in fear of death, have you really lived?
As far as your above comment, we are not talking about extreme phobias or fearing death to the point of not living.
Those are all red herrings being thrown in to divert from the topic.
It's a simple scientific fact, radon gas kills people, if you disagree with the scientific conclusions then
your argument is with the doctors and researchers.
What doesn't make any logical sense is
WHY it is so difficult for Realtors to disclose a high radon gas content in the Granite Dells area to buyers? It takes a 5 minute Google search to net these results. As mentioned, Realtors spend
hundreds of hours researching the area and pulling up sales, yet why don't they take
5 minutes to research the areas hazards.
I know
WHY they avoid it and when the question was posed here, you dodged the question and spun a web to avoid answering it.
If you believe radon gas is not a danger and you want to argue that stance, then you need to debate the top researchers in the country and world, not me. Why is it so difficult to take 5 minutes and research the area for potential hazards and then give the potential buyer a CLEAR picture BEFORE they spend their life's savings on a home?
Look, it's easy:
PROS: Great views, quiet living, clean air
CONS: Potential arsenic in drinking water and radon gas due to geology in area
08-23-2011, 11:56 PM
1,229 posts, read
3,856,447 times
Reputation: 685
Quote:
Originally Posted by
kdog
Try not to hurt yourself with all that head-slapping, because that's not what I said. I said I never met anyone who knows anybody who got cancer from radon. When somebody you know gets cancer that has an obvious cause like them being heavy smokers, a welder (friend of mine), asbestos, a miner, etc, you know about it.
The number of smokers who supposedly die from radon is TEN-TIMES the number of non-smokers who supposedly die from radon (only 2900/year). Get it? The real danger is smoking!
The head slapping is imaginary, just like your conclusions. Look, it's really simple, read this study and argue with all the PhD's that participated in the study. I am sure they will hear your hypothesis that radon gas is a myth.
THE IOWA RADON LUNG CANCER STUDY
08-24-2011, 08:13 AM
38 posts, read
68,029 times
Reputation: 29
One thing I have learned researching different areas is that you can find environmental hazards EVERYWHERE. But if you look at the link I posted previously or go to the CDC website, you will find that cancer happens the least in dry, sunny climates- including lung cancer. The drinking water problem is something you will find everywhere as is the radon gas. It is up to the community to get together and make efforts to try and prevent or fix these types of problems.
08-24-2011, 08:58 AM
Location: Prescott Valley, AZ
1,929 posts, read
5,888,611 times
Reputation: 1496
Quote:
Originally Posted by
DellNec
What doesn't make any logical sense is
WHY it is so difficult for Realtors to disclose a high radon gas content in the Granite Dells area to buyers? It takes a 5 minute Google search to net these results. As mentioned, Realtors spend
hundreds of hours researching the area and pulling up sales, yet why don't they take
5 minutes to research the areas hazards.
I know
WHY they avoid it and when the question was posed here, you dodged the question and spun a web to avoid answering it.
Please post the survey of realtors in which they state that they find it difficult to disclose high radon gas content in the Granite Dells. You are making a broad statement without factual basis.
When you posed the question to me, I did not dodge the question. Here was my response:
Quote:
That said, of course a good REALTOR would inform a client if an area is prone to high levels of radon.
My personal beliefs have nothing to do with the information that I present to buyers. I personally do not think asbestos and lead paint in a home are that big of a deal (unless you have babies around). Yet, I have gone to great lengths to determine the correct year a house was built in order to find out if there might be lead or asbestos in a home.
If you look on the county GIS, you will see that the Year-Built field no longer says Year-Built. It now says "Effective/Constructed". It used to say Year Buillt until I figured out that the field actually showed the weighted average year of all improvements to the property. There were cases where the county GIS said that a house was built in 1980, which would lead you to believe that the house did not contain lead paint or asbestos. Yet, the house was actually first built in 1975 and then had multiple additions in later years, which increased the effective age of the property.
I composed an email to the county explaining this and they revised the field name. I've found several properties where a buyer wanted to put an offer in on a property and the seller's agent thought the effective age was the year-built. I informed the buyer that the house was built prior to 1976 and might have lead paint and asbestos. It didn't matter whether I didn't get the sale. It mattered that the buyer was correctly informed. If the buyer didn't buy that house it didn't matter, he would probably buy a different house anyway.
My personal opinions have nothing to do with buyer disclosures. Whatever is a material concern to a client is absolutely valid.
08-24-2011, 10:56 AM
Location: Ash Fork
509 posts, read
1,691,619 times
Reputation: 348
Radon is not the cause of death . breathing is ! i worked in a lead refinery and had lead poisoning twice . yet i am in better health than lot of people . whatever one can think of can be taken and built uo to where some people will panic . reminds me of back in the 50s when real estate people brought black families into white neighborhoods . the white would panic and dump their homes for a very low price . same method could very well be used with a "Radon Scare" .
08-24-2011, 11:37 AM
Location: Southern Yavapai County
1,329 posts, read
3,524,326 times
Reputation: 707
Quote:
Originally Posted by
Zonie5
Radon is not the cause of death . breathing is !
I always thought stopping breathing made you die.
But seriously, impaired lung function makes radon more dangerous. This is probably true with a lot of lung pollutants. Perhaps GD residents should give up smoking if they do. That alone seems to be a good way to cut down on the risk.
I used to know a few WW II shipyard workers with asbestosis. They continued to smoke, fatalistically saying they were going to die, anyway, from the asbestos. Turns out the cigs accelerated the lung damage and they died way sooner.
08-25-2011, 12:43 PM
1,229 posts, read
3,856,447 times
Reputation: 685
What "white flight" and racism has to do with radon gas, I have NO IDEA but the dangers of radon gas is NOT up for debate. Even it today's day and age there are people who believe that smoking a pack a day is completely safe.
As Wretched Wrench mentioned, the more lung irritants and carcinogens that one bombards their lungs with, the higher the risks rise for some form of lung disease. If you live in Granite Dells and are exposed to high levels of radon in your home, you will probably get some form of lung disease/cancer in 15+ years from now, if you smoke, then everything gets exacerbated.
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School enrollment - Not enrolled (%)
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Urban houses (%)
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Geographical mobility - Same house 1 year ago (%)
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Housing units in structures - 50 or more (%)
Housing units in structures - Mobile home (%)
Housing units in structures - Boat, RV, van, etc. (%)
House/condo owner moved in on average (years ago)
Renter moved in on average (years ago)
Year householder moved into unit - Moved in 1999 to March 2000 (%)
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Most Common Occupations - Fire fighting and prevention, and other protective service workers including supervisors (%)
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Most Common Occupations - Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Personal care and service occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Sales and office occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Sales and related occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Office and administrative support occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Construction and extraction occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Production, transportation, and material moving occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Production occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Transportation occupations (%)
Most Common Occupations - Material moving occupations (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutionalized population (%)
People in Group quarters - Correctional institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Federal prisons and detention centers (%)
People in Group quarters - Halfway houses (%)
People in Group quarters - Local jails and other confinement facilities (including police lockups) (%)
People in Group quarters - Military disciplinary barracks (%)
People in Group quarters - State prisons (%)
People in Group quarters - Other types of correctional institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Nursing homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals/wards, hospices, and schools for the handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals/wards and hospices for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospices or homes for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Military hospitals or wards for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Other hospitals or wards for chronically ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Hospitals or wards for drug/alcohol abuse (%)
People in Group quarters - Mental (Psychiatric) hospitals or wards (%)
People in Group quarters - Schools, hospitals, or wards for the mentally retarded (%)
People in Group quarters - Schools, hospitals, or wards for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutions for the deaf (%)
People in Group quarters - Institutions for the blind (%)
People in Group quarters - Orthopedic wards and institutions for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Wards in general hospitals for patients who have no usual home elsewhere (%)
People in Group quarters - Wards in military hospitals for patients who have no usual home elsewhere (%)
People in Group quarters - Juvenile institutions (%)
People in Group quarters - Long-term care (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for abused, dependent, and neglected children (%)
People in Group quarters - Residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children (%)
People in Group quarters - Training schools for juvenile delinquents (%)
People in Group quarters - Short-term care, detention or diagnostic centers for delinquent children (%)
People in Group quarters - Type of juvenile institution unknown (%)
People in Group quarters - Noninstitutionalized population (%)
People in Group quarters - College dormitories (includes college quarters off campus) (%)
People in Group quarters - Military quarters (%)
People in Group quarters - On base (%)
People in Group quarters - Barracks, unaccompanied personnel housing (UPH), (Enlisted/Officer), ;and similar group living quarters for military personnel (%)
People in Group quarters - Transient quarters for temporary residents (%)
People in Group quarters - Military ships (%)
People in Group quarters - Group homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes or halfway houses for drug/alcohol abuse (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the mentally ill (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the mentally retarded (%)
People in Group quarters - Homes for the physically handicapped (%)
People in Group quarters - Other group homes (%)
People in Group quarters - Religious group quarters (%)
People in Group quarters - Dormitories (%)
People in Group quarters - Agriculture workers' dormitories on farms (%)
People in Group quarters - Job Corps and vocational training facilities (%)
People in Group quarters - Other workers' dormitories (%)
People in Group quarters - Crews of maritime vessels (%)
People in Group quarters - Other nonhousehold living situations (%)
People in Group quarters - Other noninstitutional group quarters (%)
Residents speaking English at home (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking English at home - Foreign born (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking Spanish at home - Foreign born (%)
Residents speaking other language at home (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Born in the United States (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Native, born elsewhere (%)
Residents speaking other language at home - Foreign born (%)
Class of Workers - Employee of private company (%)
Class of Workers - Self-employed in own incorporated business (%)
Class of Workers - Private not-for-profit wage and salary workers (%)
Class of Workers - Local government workers (%)
Class of Workers - State government workers (%)
Class of Workers - Federal government workers (%)
Class of Workers - Self-employed workers in own not incorporated business and Unpaid family workers (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Utility gas (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Bottled, tank, or LP gas (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Electricity (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Coal or coke (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Wood (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Solar energy (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - Other fuel (%)
House heating fuel used in houses and condos - No fuel used (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Utility gas (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Bottled, tank, or LP gas (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Electricity (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Coal or coke (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Wood (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Solar energy (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - Other fuel (%)
House heating fuel used in apartments - No fuel used (%)
Armed forces status - In Armed Forces (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian - Veteran (%)
Armed forces status - Civilian - Nonveteran (%)
Fatal accidents locations in years 2005-2021
Fatal accidents locations in 2005
Fatal accidents locations in 2006
Fatal accidents locations in 2007
Fatal accidents locations in 2008
Fatal accidents locations in 2009
Fatal accidents locations in 2010
Fatal accidents locations in 2011
Fatal accidents locations in 2012
Fatal accidents locations in 2013
Fatal accidents locations in 2014
Fatal accidents locations in 2015
Fatal accidents locations in 2016
Fatal accidents locations in 2017
Fatal accidents locations in 2018
Fatal accidents locations in 2019
Fatal accidents locations in 2020
Fatal accidents locations in 2021
Alcohol use - People drinking some alcohol every month (%)
Alcohol use - People not drinking at all (%)
Alcohol use - Average days/month drinking alcohol
Alcohol use - Average drinks/week
Alcohol use - Average days/year people drink much
Audiometry - Average condition of hearing (%)
Audiometry - People that can hear a whisper from across a quiet room (%)
Audiometry - People that can hear normal voice from across a quiet room (%)
Audiometry - Ears ringing, roaring, buzzing (%)
Audiometry - Had a job exposure to loud noise (%)
Audiometry - Had off-work exposure to loud noise (%)
Blood Pressure & Cholesterol - Has high blood pressure (%)
Blood Pressure & Cholesterol - Checking blood pressure at home (%)
Blood Pressure & Cholesterol - Frequently checking blood cholesterol (%)
Blood Pressure & Cholesterol - Has high cholesterol level (%)
Consumer Behavior - Money monthly spent on food at supermarket/grocery store
Consumer Behavior - Money monthly spent on food at other stores
Consumer Behavior - Money monthly spent on eating out
Consumer Behavior - Money monthly spent on carryout/delivered foods
Consumer Behavior - Income spent on food at supermarket/grocery store (%)
Consumer Behavior - Income spent on food at other stores (%)
Consumer Behavior - Income spent on eating out (%)
Consumer Behavior - Income spent on carryout/delivered foods (%)
Current Health Status - General health condition (%)
Current Health Status - Blood donors (%)
Current Health Status - Has blood ever tested for HIV virus (%)
Current Health Status - Left-handed people (%)
Dermatology - People using sunscreen (%)
Diabetes - Diabetics (%)
Diabetes - Had a blood test for high blood sugar (%)
Diabetes - People taking insulin (%)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Diet health (%)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Milk product consumption (# of products/month)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Meals not home prepared (#/week)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Meals from fast food or pizza place (#/week)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Ready-to-eat foods (#/month)
Diet Behavior & Nutrition - Frozen meals/pizza (#/month)
Drug Use - People that ever used marijuana or hashish (%)
Drug Use - Ever used hard drugs (%)
Drug Use - Ever used any form of cocaine (%)
Drug Use - Ever used heroin (%)
Drug Use - Ever used methamphetamine (%)
Health Insurance - People covered by health insurance (%)
Kidney Conditions-Urology - Avg. # of times urinating at night
Medical Conditions - People with asthma (%)
Medical Conditions - People with anemia (%)
Medical Conditions - People with psoriasis (%)
Medical Conditions - People with overweight (%)
Medical Conditions - Elderly people having difficulties in thinking or remembering (%)
Medical Conditions - People who ever received blood transfusion (%)
Medical Conditions - People having trouble seeing even with glass/contacts (%)
Medical Conditions - People with arthritis (%)
Medical Conditions - People with gout (%)
Medical Conditions - People with congestive heart failure (%)
Medical Conditions - People with coronary heart disease (%)
Medical Conditions - People with angina pectoris (%)
Medical Conditions - People who ever had heart attack (%)
Medical Conditions - People who ever had stroke (%)
Medical Conditions - People with emphysema (%)
Medical Conditions - People with thyroid problem (%)
Medical Conditions - People with chronic bronchitis (%)
Medical Conditions - People with any liver condition (%)
Medical Conditions - People who ever had cancer or malignancy (%)
Mental Health - People who have little interest in doing things (%)
Mental Health - People feeling down, depressed, or hopeless (%)
Mental Health - People who have trouble sleeping or sleeping too much (%)
Mental Health - People feeling tired or having little energy (%)
Mental Health - People with poor appetite or overeating (%)
Mental Health - People feeling bad about themself (%)
Mental Health - People who have trouble concentrating on things (%)
Mental Health - People moving or speaking slowly or too fast (%)
Mental Health - People having thoughts they would be better off dead (%)
Oral Health - Average years since last visit a dentist
Oral Health - People embarrassed because of mouth (%)
Oral Health - People with gum disease (%)
Oral Health - General health of teeth and gums (%)
Oral Health - Average days a week using dental floss/device
Oral Health - Average days a week using mouthwash for dental problem
Oral Health - Average number of teeth
Pesticide Use - Households using pesticides to control insects (%)
Pesticide Use - Households using pesticides to kill weeds (%)
Physical Activity - People doing vigorous-intensity work activities (%)
Physical Activity - People doing moderate-intensity work activities (%)
Physical Activity - People walking or bicycling (%)
Physical Activity - People doing vigorous-intensity recreational activities (%)
Physical Activity - People doing moderate-intensity recreational activities (%)
Physical Activity - Average hours a day doing sedentary activities
Physical Activity - Average hours a day watching TV or videos
Physical Activity - Average hours a day using computer
Physical Functioning - People having limitations keeping them from working (%)
Physical Functioning - People limited in amount of work they can do (%)
Physical Functioning - People that need special equipment to walk (%)
Physical Functioning - People experiencing confusion/memory problems (%)
Physical Functioning - People requiring special healthcare equipment (%)
Prescription Medications - Average number of prescription medicines taking
Preventive Aspirin Use - Adults 40+ taking low-dose aspirin (%)
Reproductive Health - Vaginal deliveries (%)
Reproductive Health - Cesarean deliveries (%)
Reproductive Health - Deliveries resulted in a live birth (%)
Reproductive Health - Pregnancies resulted in a delivery (%)
Reproductive Health - Women breastfeeding newborns (%)
Reproductive Health - Women that had a hysterectomy (%)
Reproductive Health - Women that had both ovaries removed (%)
Reproductive Health - Women that have ever taken birth control pills (%)
Reproductive Health - Women taking birth control pills (%)
Reproductive Health - Women that have ever used Depo-Provera or injectables (%)
Reproductive Health - Women that have ever used female hormones (%)
Sexual Behavior - People 18+ that ever had sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) (%)
Sexual Behavior - Males 18+ that ever had vaginal sex with a woman (%)
Sexual Behavior - Males 18+ that ever performed oral sex on a woman (%)
Sexual Behavior - Males 18+ that ever had anal sex with a woman (%)
Sexual Behavior - Males 18+ that ever had any sex with a man (%)
Sexual Behavior - Females 18+ that ever had vaginal sex with a man (%)
Sexual Behavior - Females 18+ that ever performed oral sex on a man (%)
Sexual Behavior - Females 18+ that ever had anal sex with a man (%)
Sexual Behavior - Females 18+ that ever had any kind of sex with a woman (%)
Sexual Behavior - Average age people first had sex
Sexual Behavior - Average number of female sex partners in lifetime (males 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of female vaginal sex partners in lifetime (males 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average age people first performed oral sex on a woman (18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of woman performed oral sex on in lifetime (18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of male sex partners in lifetime (males 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of male anal sex partners in lifetime (males 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average age people first performed oral sex on a man (18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of male oral sex partners in lifetime (18+)
Sexual Behavior - People using protection when performing oral sex (%)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of times people have vaginal or anal sex a year
Sexual Behavior - People having sex without condom (%)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of male sex partners in lifetime (females 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of male vaginal sex partners in lifetime (females 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Average number of female sex partners in lifetime (females 18+)
Sexual Behavior - Circumcised males 18+ (%)
Sleep Disorders - Average hours sleeping at night
Sleep Disorders - People that has trouble sleeping (%)
Smoking-Cigarette Use - People smoking cigarettes (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ having problems with smell (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ having problems with taste (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ that ever had wisdom teeth removed (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ that ever had tonsils teeth removed (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ that ever had a loss of consciousness because of a head injury (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ that ever had a broken nose or other serious injury to face or skull (%)
Taste & Smell - People 40+ that ever had two or more sinus infections (%)
Weight - Average height (inches)
Weight - Average weight (pounds)
Weight - Average BMI
Weight - People that are obese (%)
Weight - People that ever were obese (%)
Weight - People trying to lose weight (%)