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Many better built kayaks have foam in the bow and stern. It adds stability to the shell. It may add a measure of safety if the kayak becomes swamped.
The best thing to do is buy a kayak with a capacity suited to your use instead of cobbling together something. A sit on top kayak might be a better fit. Compared to a sit in boat.
I don't think it's been directly stated yet but to oversimplify, buoyancy is related to volume of water displaced.
Absolutely massive cruise ships weighing tens of thousands of tons float because they displace a crap ton of water.
That's why adding "light" materials inside the kayak don't do anything. You aren't creating any additional displacement other than the additional weight (however light) pushing the kayak down further. You need something additional outside of the existing kayak shell. Some products may work decently well but I imagine it's gonna create a lot of extra drag.
The only way you could add flotation capacity to a kayak that is riding on top of the water with a passenger, is to add one or two outrigger pontoons. These would slow you down, but would work to keep you from getting swamped or capsizing. Maybe you could find a good sea kayak, which tend to have more volume and flotation, than smaller ones made for river paddling.
Below is a link to a picture of one I designed and built, that has plenty of volume, but is still fast. It's 18 feet long. This angle gives a good view of the shape of its hull. In each end is a flotation plug made from resin, that is expanded to 6 times its normal volume, using a micro-balloon filler. They are tiny, hollow spheres of glass that expand the resin into a lightweight putty that hardens, but flows freely when you pour it into place.
I suppose you could fill the hull with helium or hydrogen gas to make the boat lighter; they're both lighter than air. But the weight of whatever you use to hold the gas would offset some of the gain, probably resulting in very little gain. The gas would leak out of latex or mylar party balloons in a few hours or days, so you'd need something less permeable.
How about attaching a helium or hydrogen filled weather balloon to your kayak? It would be hugely wind affected and make steering much harder. Build up those arm muscles!
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Hmmm ... to those, suggesting helium-filled whatever ...
Think of when you were a little tike, and you got to hold a helium-filled balloon...
How much effort was it to hold on that bugger?
Got it? Now, how big should that whatever be to increase a sufficient force upwards to raise that kayak out of the water?
Back to "get a bigger kayak" (Listen to thecoalman - post #2 - there is only 1 answer!!)
Or better ... Get a fishing boat ... with an outboard engine ... or a luxury yacht ...
Hmmm ... to those, suggesting helium-filled whatever ...
Think of when you were a little tike, and you got to hold a helium-filled balloon...
How much effort was it to hold on that bugger?
Got it? Now, how big should that whatever be to increase a sufficient force upwards to raise that kayak out of the water?
Back to "get a bigger kayak" (Listen to thecoalman - post #2 - there is only 1 answer!!)
Or better ... Get a fishing boat ... with an outboard engine ... or a luxury yacht ...
It was sufficient to "float" dirigibles, and THEY had to weight a lot (at least the gondola and passengers it carried), or is hydrogen more powerful? Yes, I know the Hindenburg exploded, but that's another issue...
So adding pool noodles, say, along the length of the floor of the kayak (inside), wouldn't buoy it up in the water?
That would be the equivalent to standing in a box and trying to lift yourself off the floor, by pulling up on the sides.
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