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^^Those towns are almost as far east as the Urals (like Khoseda Khard) - but yes they are in Europe.
Russian towns further west closer to the border with Norway and Finland are not quite that cold in winter due to the ice-free southern Barents Sea, as is illustrated by Murmansk at 69N: Murmansk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zurich and Salzburg are cooler on annual means than places like Odessa, Quincy, and Othello in Washington State. Pretty much same lat and elevation. In fact Zurich and Salzburg would have larger UHI than these small towns east of the Cascades.
I think we should change the title to western europe.
Finland or Estonia etc aren't affected by gulf stream. Its only due to the proximity to the Baltic sea.
Finland and Estonia are very mild for their latitude. It's mostly down to the prevailing wind direction -but the gulf stream has a role to play as well.
My city is almost as cold as Helsinki or Tallinn in winter, despite its location 10 degrees south. And it's still milder than many places on the same latitude - Winnipeg is 10 degrees (Celsius) colder in winter than my city. Khabarovsk which is located almost 2 degrees south of me has even colder winters than Winnipeg. I think it's rather obviously that Finland and Estonia are very mild for its latitude, but it still colder than (most of) Norway, Sweden or Iceland on the same latitude because it's located further from the Gulf Stream.
What's the point in comparing anywhere with anywhere.
It's interesting to learn about different climates on the planet. The thing I think that is kind of pointless is the use of latitude. Other than sun angle, the temps are what they are, and magically changing your lat to change your temps in an imaginary world isn't going to happen.
A map showing areas of the world which exceed the typical mean for the latitude, and also showing those below the mean for their latitude, would be interesting.
A map showing areas of the world which exceed the typical mean for the latitude, and also showing those below the mean for their latitude, would be interesting.
But is there really an accurate mean for latitude when elevation isn't taken into account? The avg elevation of the USA is rather high I would venture. How much of Western Europe is sitting at 5,000 to 7000 ft like the western USA?
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