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My guess would be winters would be colder and colder air would push further south in the winter than it already does. There would probably be more baroclinicity (fancy term for unstableness due to gradient of hot and cold air) which might yield to stronger cyclones. Think more Nor'Easter type storms.
Thank you for the question! The answer is really simple:
If the Earth was not tilted, the sun angle would be the same year round, for example, at 45 °N the sun angle at noon would be 45 °, while the sun angle at midnight would be -45°.
At 30 °N, the sun angle would be 60° at noon and -60° at midnight.
If the Earth was tilted at 10 degrees, things would change.
At 45 °N the sun angle at noon during the summer solstice would be 55°, and -35° at midnight. During the winter solstice it would be 35° at noon and -55° at midnight.
At 30 °N the sun angle at noon during the summer solstice would be 70°, and -50° at midnight. I think you got it.
If the Earth was tilted at 30 degrees, a place at 45 °N would get 75° at noon during the summer solstice and -15° at midnight; 15° at noon in the winter and -75° at midnight.
Because the Earth is tilted at 23° 27', a place at 45 °N will get 68° 27' at noon during the summer solstice, and -21° 33' at midnight, while in winter: 21° 33' at noon and -68° 27' at midnight.
At the arctic circle (66° 33'N) in summer it's 46° 54' at noon and 0° at midnight, while in winter it's 0° at noon and -46° 54' at midnight. I hope it's not too confusing.
Please remember that even if the sun angle is below zero you can still see.
0°/-6°: Civil Twilight: It's bright enough to read
-6/-12: Nautical Twilight: You can discern the horizon
-12/-18: Astronomical Twilight: (I don't know how to explain)
Below -18: Total darkness
Places south of 72° 33'N always experience days bright not less than the civil twilight.
What should I search for if I want information about sun angles?
Here at 26 N the peak sun angle will be 75-76 degrees tomorrow, so at 14 N it'll be about 87-88 degrees. Ironically, that's pretty much identical to our sun angle here on summer solstice.
"With a 40deg tilt tropics would have some interesting seasons with distinct cold and warm month. The whole world would have extreme seasons. I think that around that 45deg tilt would give the world the most varied seasons on all parts of the globe. 5deg tilt would be very weak seasons and strong zonal weather patterns, but no difference in the tropics. But places more than 30deg N/S would lose their summer."
Here's what someone from another weather forum said.
If there were a 40 degree tilt, we would hit a 90 degree sun angle here at 26 N twice during summer (likely about a month on each side of the solstice) but we would also go down to a 24 degree sun angle in winter, which is similar to about 42 N in the current scenario.
At 40 N, there would be about a 10 degree sun angle on winter solstice and a 90 degree sun angle on summer solstice. 40 degrees N would likely have near subarctic like winters (in continental locations) and near tropical like summers.
"With a 40deg tilt tropics would have some interesting seasons with distinct cold and warm month. The whole world would have extreme seasons. I think that around that 45deg tilt would give the world the most varied seasons on all parts of the globe. 5deg tilt would be very weak seasons and strong zonal weather patterns, but no difference in the tropics. But places more than 30deg N/S would lose their summer."
Here's what someone from another weather forum said.
Being at 45 degrees latitude with a 45 degree tilt on the Earth would be an interesting climate. You would experience both a directly overhead sun on summer solstice and the sun not rising at all on winter solstice.
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