75223 Zip Code (Dallas, TX) Detailed Profile

Estimated zip code population in 2022: 13,528
Zip code population in 2010: 13,947
Zip code population in 2000: 15,652

Houses and condos: 5,243
Renter-occupied apartments: 2,439
March 2022 cost of living index in zip code 75223: 94.8 (less than average, U.S. average is 100)

Land area: 3.5 sq. mi.
Water area: 0.0 sq. mi.

Population density: 3,919 people per square mile

(average).

Real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2022:
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2022: $7,850 (1.5%)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2022: $2,013 (1.0%)

For population 25 years and over in 75223:

• High school or higher: 64.7%
• Bachelor's degree or higher: 25.6%
• Graduate or professional degree: 9.0%
• Unemployed: 6.3%
• Mean travel time to work (commute): 27.2 minutes

For population 15 years and over in 75223:

• Never married: 42.5%
• Now married: 41.0%
• Separated: 2.7%
• Widowed: 5.9%
• Divorced: 7.9%

• 
• • 8,86865.6%Hispanic or Latino
  • 2,53218.7%White
  • 1,61211.9%Black
  • 2912.2%Asian
  • 1721.3%Two or more races
  • 460.3%Some other race
  • 50.04%American Indian

100% urban population.

Averages for the 2020 tax year for zip code 75223, filed in 2021:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2020: $52,176 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$52,176
State:	$77,054

Salary/wage: $48,194 (reported on 83.7% of returns)

Here:	$48,194
State:	$62,766

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1237.8% for AGIs below $25k, 3905.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 7026.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 10175.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 18197.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 72980.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,047 (reported on 12.0% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,047
Texas:	$2,665

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.2% for AGIs below $25k, 4.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 13.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 20.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 110.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 345.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $4,641 (reported on 8.7% of returns)

Here:	$4,641
State:	$10,044

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.3% for AGIs below $25k, 7.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 21.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 129.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 296.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1360.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$16,526 (reported on 8.6% of returns)

Here:	+$16,526
State:	+$39,590

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.9% for AGIs below $25k, 5.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 29.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 133.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 628.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 7571.1% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$11,832 (reported on 24.7% of returns)

Here:	+$11,832
State:	+$10,888

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 296.7% for AGIs below $25k, 241.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 199.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 495.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1580.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3352.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $18,022 (reported on 2.9% of returns)

75223:	$18,022
Texas:	$24,740

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 12.7% for AGIs below $25k, 30.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 114.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 840.5% for AGIs $100k-200k)

Total itemized deductions: $27,477 (reported on 5.7% of returns)

Here:	$27,477
State:	$40,428

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 22.5% for AGIs below $25k, 53.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 141.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 522.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1102.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 4564.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $6,600 (reported on 4.4% of returns)

Here:	$6,600
State:	$18,201

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 12.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 34.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 89.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 184.1% for AGIs $100k-200k, 897.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $8,231 (reported on 5.7% of returns)

75223:	$8,231
State:	$7,821

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 5.8% for AGIs below $25k, 14.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 38.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 150.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 387.7% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1308.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $2,699 (reported on 26.2% of returns)

Here:	$2,699
State:	$2,584

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 154.4% for AGIs below $25k, 87.8% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2020 taxes: 86.6%

Here:	87%
State:	92%

(% for various income ranges: 82.6% for AGIs below $25k, 88.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 89.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 89.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 94.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 92.0% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2012 tax year for zip code 75223, filed in 2013:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2012: $38,204 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$38,204
State:	$65,384

Salary/wage: $35,818 (reported on 85.2% of returns)

Here:	$35,818
State:	$52,524

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 78.7% for AGIs below $25k, 91.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 86.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 81.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 82.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 57.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $996 (reported on 12.4% of returns)

This zip code:	$996
Texas:	$2,372

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.5% for AGIs below $25k, 0.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.4% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.3% for AGIs over 200k)

Ordinary dividends: $3,745 (reported on 7.0% of returns)

Here:	$3,745
State:	$9,721

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.6% for AGIs below $25k, 0.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.9% for AGIs over 200k)

Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$15,009 (reported on 5.5% of returns)

Here:	+$15,009
State:	+$35,319

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 10.7% for AGIs over 200k)

Profit/loss from business: +$11,764 (reported on 22.7% of returns)

Here:	+$11,764
State:	+$13,732

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 18.0% for AGIs below $25k, 4.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 6.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 6.2% for AGIs $100k-200k, 3.8% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $19,038 (reported on 2.7% of returns)

75223:	$19,038
Texas:	$19,511

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.6% for AGIs below $25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, 4.4% for AGIs $100k-200k)

Self-employment retirement plans: $17,300 (reported on 0.3% of returns)

75223:	$17,300
Texas:	$23,938

Total itemized deductions: $19,714 (17% of AGI, reported on 13.1% of returns)

Here:	$19,714
State:	$24,724

Here:	17.2% of AGI
State:	15.9% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.5% for AGIs below $25k, 4.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 8.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 12.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 12.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 6.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Charity contributions: $3,263 (reported on 9.8% of returns)

Here:	$3,263
State:	$6,808

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.3% for AGIs below $25k, 0.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 1.2% for AGIs over 200k)

Taxes paid: $6,414 (reported on 12.6% of returns)

75223:	$6,414
State:	$6,921

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.5% for AGIs below $25k, 1.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 3.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 4.5% for AGIs $100k-200k, 2.4% for AGIs over 200k)

Earned income credit: $2,733 (reported on 35.2% of returns)

Here:	$2,733
State:	$2,570

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 10.7% for AGIs below $25k, 1.8% for AGIs $25k-50k)

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2012 taxes: 61.7%

Here:	62%
State:	51%

(% for various income ranges: 63.6% for AGIs below $25k, 62.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 55.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 50.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 50.0% for AGIs $100k-200k, 63.6% for AGIs over 200k)

Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 75223, filed in 2005:

Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $30,915 (Individual Income Tax Returns)

Here:	$30,915
State:	$47,881

Salary/wage: $30,799 (reported on 87.8% of returns)

Here:	$30,799
State:	$41,947

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 95.9% for AGIs below $10k, 86.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 93.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 85.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 86.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 81.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable interest for individuals: $1,055 (reported on 16.6% of returns)

This zip code:	$1,055
Texas:	$2,255

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.9% for AGIs below $10k, 0.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.3% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.7% for AGIs over 100k)

Taxable dividends: $2,706 (reported on 8.1% of returns)

Here:	$2,706
State:	$4,261

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.1% for AGIs below $10k, 0.3% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.2% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.9% for AGIs over 100k)

Net capital gain/loss: +$5,024 (reported on 6.6% of returns)

Here:	+$5,024
State:	+$16,110

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.7% for AGIs below $10k, -0.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 3.2% for AGIs over 100k)

Profit/loss from business: +$10,207 (reported on 17.6% of returns)

Here:	+$10,207
State:	+$11,013

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 7.5% for AGIs below $10k, 9.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 3.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 3.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 6.4% for AGIs over 100k)

IRA payment deduction: $2,367 (reported on 1.0% of returns)

75223:	$2,367
Texas:	$3,120

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.5% for AGIs below $10k, 0.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.4% for AGIs $75k-100k)

Self-employed pension: $15,429 (reported on 0.4% of returns)

Here:	$15,429
Texas:	$16,401

Total itemized deductions: $17,508 (20% of AGI, reported on 13.4% of returns)

Here:	$17,508
State:	$19,631

Here:	20.4% of AGI
State:	18.9% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 4.4% for AGIs below $10k, 2.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 4.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 9.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 14.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 12.5% for AGIs over 100k)

Charity contributions deductions: $2,825 (3% of AGI, reported on 10.7% of returns)

Here:	$2,825
State:	$4,753

Here:	3.1% of AGI
State:	4.2% of AGI

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.4% for AGIs below $10k, 0.3% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.7% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Total tax: $5,123 (reported on 57.9% of returns)

75223:	$5,123
State:	$9,058

(% of AGI for various income ranges: 4.2% for AGIs below $10k, 3.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 5.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 10.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 13.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 19.3% for AGIs over 100k)

Earned income credit: $2,087 (reported on 36.9% of returns)

Here:	$2,087
State:	$2,024

Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 63.8%

Here:	64%
State:	57%

(% for various income ranges: 57.2% for AGIs below $10k, 70.6% for AGIs $10k-25k, 64.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 58.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 48.4% for AGIs $75k-100k, 49.8% for AGIs over 100k)

Nearest zip codes: 75210, 75246, 75226, 75214, 75215, 75204.
Dallas Zip Code Map

Likely homosexual households (counted as self-reported same-sex unmarried-partner households)

• Lesbian couples: 0.1% of all households
• Gay men: 0.5% of all households

Household received Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 792
Household did not receive Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 3,951

Women who had a birth in the past 12 months: 166 (141 now married, 26 unmarried)
Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 months: 2,744 (1,051 now married, 1,697 unmarried)

Housing units in zip code 75223 with a mortgage: 809 (100 second mortgage, 24 home equity loan, 80 both second mortgage and home equity loan)
Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $2,288
Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $473

Residents with income below the poverty level in 2022:
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2022:

• Zip code 75223 household income distribution in 2022

• 386Less than $10,000
• 299$10,000 to $14,999
• 121$15,000 to $19,999
• 58$20,000 to $24,999
• 255$25,000 to $29,999
• 176$30,000 to $34,999
• 176$35,000 to $39,999
• 171$40,000 to $44,999
• 126$45,000 to $49,999
• 358$50,000 to $59,999
• 542$60,000 to $74,999
• 681$75,000 to $99,999
• 216$100,000 to $124,999
• 462$125,000 to $149,999
• 273$150,000 to $199,999
• 430$200,000 or more

• Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2022 in zip code 75223

• 21Less than $10,000
• 21$10,000 to $14,999
• 91$15,000 to $19,999
• 24$25,000 to $29,999
• 40$50,000 to $59,999
• 32$60,000 to $69,999
• 67$70,000 to $79,999
• 92$80,000 to $89,999
• 72$90,000 to $99,999
• 159$100,000 to $124,999
• 46$125,000 to $149,999
• 106$150,000 to $174,999
• 49$175,000 to $199,999
• 287$200,000 to $249,999
• 149$250,000 to $299,999
• 165$300,000 to $399,999
• 258$400,000 to $499,999
• 452$500,000 to $749,999
• 160$750,000 to $999,999
• 9$1,000,000 to $1,499,999

• Rent paid by renters in 2022 in zip code 75223

• 27Less than $100
• 19$100 to $149
• 106$150 to $199
• 30$200 to $249
• 53$250 to $299
• 23$300 to $349
• 9$350 to $399
• 46$400 to $449
• 96$450 to $499
• 52$500 to $549
• 14$550 to $599
• 14$600 to $649
• 41$700 to $749
• 112$750 to $799
• 82$800 to $899
• 223$900 to $999
• 428$1,000 to $1,249
• 450$1,250 to $1,499
• 228$1,500 to $1,999
• 207$2,000 to $2,499
• 5$2,500 to $2,999
• 29$3,500 or more
• 86No cash rent

Median gross rent in 2022: $1,326.

Median price asked for vacant for-sale houses and condos in 2022: $747,086.

Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2022 for:

• White Non-Hispanic householders: $756,963
• Black or African American householders: $162,733
• American Indian or Alaska Native householders: $359,119
• Asian householders: $391,850
• Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander householders: $172,875
• Some other race householders: $245,252
• Two or more races householders: $304,721
• Hispanic or Latino householders: $235,110

Estimated median house or condo value in 2022: $258,621 Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $121,232 - $510,468

Mean price in 2022:

Detached houses: $503,621

Here:	$503,621
State:	$369,058

Townhouses or other attached units: $433,434

Here:	$433,434
State:	$327,631

In 2-unit structures: $498,325

Here:	$498,325
State:	$374,947

In 3-to-4-unit structures: $214,384

Here:	$214,384
State:	$209,652

In 5-or-more-unit structures: $469,079

Here:	$469,079
State:	$413,944

Mobile homes: $85,905

Here:	$85,905
State:	$124,413

Occupied boats, RVs, vans, etc.: $438,838

Here:	$438,838
State:	$73,921

Housing units in structures:

• One, detached: 3,740
• One, attached: 275
• Two: 250
• 3 or 4: 117
• 5 to 9: 21
• 10 to 19: 197
• 20 to 49: 81
• 50 or more: 450
• Mobile homes: 130

Unemployment: 6.3%

• Means of transportation to work in zip code 75223

• 67.0%4,780Drove a car alone
• 19.8%1,415Carpooled
• 0.9%61Bus or trolley bus
• 0.1%8Subway or elevated
• 0.2%17Railroad
• 0.2%14Bicycle
• 0.7%52Walked
• 1.2%85Other means
• 8.9%633Worked at home

• Travel time to work (commute) in zip code 75223

• 253Less than 5 minutes
• 2855 to 9 minutes
• 55210 to 14 minutes
• 86915 to 19 minutes
• 1,01820 to 24 minutes
• 73225 to 29 minutes
• 1,13930 to 34 minutes
• 23435 to 39 minutes
• 23440 to 44 minutes
• 63045 to 59 minutes
• 30960 to 89 minutes
• 13290 or more minutes

Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 86.1%

Household type by relationship:

Households: 13,528

• Male householders: 2,701 (771 living alone), Female householders: 2,027 (688 living alone)

• 1,789 spouses (1,740 opposite-sex spouses), 460 unmarried partners, (439 opposite-sex unmarried partners), 4,329 children (4,135 natural, 19 adopted, 173 stepchildren), 643 grandchildren, 205 brothers or sisters, 286 parents, 0 foster children, 442 other relatives, 570 non-relatives

• In group quarters: 20 (-1 institutionalized population)

Size of family households: 740 2-persons, 649 3-persons, 504 4-persons, 526 5-persons, 132 6-persons, 204 7-or-more-persons

Size of nonfamily households: 1,459 1-person, 387 2-persons, 55 3-persons, 81 4-persons

1,538 married couples with children.
971 single-parent households (216 men, 755 women).

37.2% of residents of 75223 zip code speak English at home.
60.0% of residents speak Spanish at home (51% very well, 17% well, 21% not well, 11% not at all).
1.2% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (97% very well, 3% not well).
0.4% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (29% very well, 71% well).

There are 7 Medical Specialists in Zip Code 75223.

Facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:

• AMERICAN SPILL CONTROL INC (5419 OWENWOD AVE in DALLAS, TX)

  (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste))
  

• AFCO NO 10236 (121 REGAL ROW in DALLAS, TX)

  Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators, less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification
  Organizations: MICOR ENERGY LLC DBA AFCO (CONTACT/OWNER)
  

• AIRGAS SOUTHWEST INC. (1001-A FOREST AVE. in DALLAS, TX)

  TRI REPORTER (Tracking of toxic chemicals releasing facilities)
  Business SIC classification: INDUSTRIAL GASES; CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
  

Housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities: 2.4%
Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities: 1.9%

Population in 1990: 14,700. Population change in the 1990s: +952 (+6.5%).

Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:

• This state: 7,313
• Northeast: 243
• Midwest: 418
• South: 764
• West: 361

57% of the 75223 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 80% lived in this county.
   Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Texas.

93% of the 75223 zip code residents lived in the same house 1 year ago.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 51% moved from this county.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 15% moved from different county within same state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 35% moved from different state.
   Out of people who lived in different houses, 2% moved from abroad.

Private vs. public school enrollment:

Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 41
Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): Students in private undergraduate colleges: 61

Companies with federal contracts located in this zip code:

• TRIPLE S DYNAMICS INC (1031 S HASKELL AVE in DALLAS, TX; small business)

  $98,960 with Army for Specialized Ammunition Handling Servicing Equipment. Signed on 2002-03-05. Completion date: 2002-05-31.

Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:

• Other Services (except Public Administration): Religious Organizations (50-99 employees: 1 establishment, 10-19 employees: 1 establishment, 5-9 employees: 1 establishment, 1-4 employees: 2 establishments)
• Construction: Poured Concrete Foundation and Structure Contractors (50-99: 1, 5-9: 1, 1-4: 1)
• Accommodation and Food Services: Limited-Service Restaurants (20-49: 1, 10-19: 2, 5-9: 1, 1-4: 1)
• Wholesale Trade: Meat and Meat Product Merchant Wholesalers (50-99: 1)
• Finance and Insurance: Securities Brokerage (50-99: 1)

2002 - 2018 National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) incidents

Based on the data from the years 2002 - 2018 the average number of fire incidents per year is 45. The highest number of fires - 129 took place in 2003, and the least - 0 in 2005. The data has a decreasing trend.
When looking into fire subcategories, the most reports belonged to: Outside Fires (48.9%), and Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires (24.9%).


• Fire incident types reported to NFIRS in Zip Code 75223
• 37348.9%Outside Fires
• 19024.9%Mobile Property/Vehicle Fires
• 11715.3%Other
• 8310.9%Structure Fires

See full 2006 National Fire Incident Reporting System statistics for zip code 75223, Texas

Most common first names in zip code 75223 among deceased individuals
Name	Count	Lived (average)
John	97	74.4 years
William	90	74.0 years
Willie	84	71.4 years
Mary	84	78.0 years
James	79	70.4 years
Robert	53	71.0 years
Charles	49	72.9 years
George	45	73.4 years
Joe	37	70.5 years
Annie	34	79.1 years

Most common last names in zip code 75223 among deceased individuals
Last name	Count	Lived (average)
Johnson	83	71.6 years
Smith	80	73.8 years
Williams	78	73.5 years
Jones	63	73.3 years
Jackson	37	69.2 years
Davis	34	71.7 years
Brown	31	71.1 years
Taylor	27	71.4 years
White	24	71.0 years
Anderson	24	77.3 years

Businesses in zip code 75223
Name	Count		Name	Count
7-Eleven	1		McDonald's	1
Church's Chicken	1		Nike	1
Circle K	2		Penske	1