Basement floors, or "slabs", absolutely can be designed in a variety of ways. Some of the methods of pouring the slab in areas where soil conditions are less than ideal transfer the load to the footings under the vertical walls and/or "pads" that are poured prior to the floor. In such cases the lack of fill under the slab is of no concern.
The situation you describe, of evidence that the water undermined the slab and/or overflowed the sump pit and sewage effluent basin is a different matter. The primary issue is NOT structural but rather the fact that an effluent basin is designed to be both water-tight and contain all noxious gases that go along with sanitary sewers.
https://www.grainger.com/category/su.../N-hv8Z1yzilsj The thought of that contaminated waste being pumped as sump water into your yard and the potential for odors festering under the slab eventually filling your home is literally sickening and could even be potentially explosive.
Watch this Cautionary Explosive Sewer Gas Smell Video Steps should be taken to ensure that this is not a health issue.
The further fact that there is visible soil "the consistency of peanut butter" strongly suggest that the either the sump pit or effluent basin are improperly installed / have failed. The standard procedure is to backfill such items with clean crushed gravel or appropriately sized pea gravel. Merely shoving the excavated material around the pit / basin is NOT acceptable practice. The whole system should finally be cemented into place / appropriated anchored so that no 'floating' or displacement by groundwater occurs --
http://www.toppindustries.com/upload...tion_guide.pdf It sounds that the situation described by the OP will require repairs / remediation. The extent of such work can only be assessed by someone familiar with local conditions / code / custom.