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According to one source, only around 3 pct of money supply consists of paper bills and coins. Much of it involves numbers in hard drives.
Also, money is part of a larger credit system consisting of all sorts of financial instruments, with unregulated derivatives (or financial bets made on other financial bets) being the largest.
Finally, much of credit isn't created or even printed out by governments but by commercial banks, and takes place through a money multiplier, i.e., for each loan, new money is created to back it. What's worse is that because banks can borrow from other banks and choose not to follow reserve requirements, then the amount of new money created is much larger.
Fractional reserve banking.
One of the biggest culprits for all the debt and resulting inflation.
In other words, everything we know is not just wrong – it's backwards. When banks make loans, they create money. This is because money is really just an IOU.
What this means is that the real limit on the amount of money in circulation is not how much the central bank is willing to lend, but how much government, firms, and ordinary citizens, are willing to borrow.
Post-2008 QE demonstrated it best. Depositors were not needed. Massive money creation by the Fed but few showed up to borrow. So QE didn't incite enough inflation.
Not enough stuff. Not enough money. Not enough commerce. Not enough jobs. Standards of living drops.
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