I have never heard of this, although I don't doubt it could be possible just like different strains of cannabis. This would have to be in addition to the caffeine which is the only (currently known) psychoactive ingredient in coffee. Or maybe something about the chemicals used in cultivation?
This i know to generally be true:
DARKER coffee beans usually has LESS caffeine because the caffeine is roasted out.
LIGHTER coffee means that the beans are not roasted as long and thus they maintain the caffeine.
It is the total opposite of what most people think they are getting with "strong" (flavored) coffee.