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The correct answer is as far away as you can get it......
Actually it will vary with the house and situation. In general you want to direct the water by some means to a distance to where the natural slope of the land causes it to flow away from the house.
Depending on the perm of the soil, you many need 10 feet, in another situation 6 feet, in others a couple of feet away may do the trick.
Yes, It is best to use a frog foot or what you may be calling a splash block, that does several things, prevents the flow from digging a hole, directs it away in a horizontal mode, provides some distance from the house before the water is in contact with the soil.
In general the more sandy the soil, the more distance you probably need. You can get additional distance by modifying the downspout to add another section of some length after it has made a 90 degree turn at the bottom to get horizontal displacement away from the house. Is one common solution to the problem. Maybe make it easy to disconnect to cut the grass which is the most common drawback to that solution.
Lot of it is try a particular set up with your house, see if that works, if not increase the distance until it does. In the most severe cases, extra work to install a drainage pipe type system is usually required to carry the water well away from the house.
Problem arose when storm drain for some reason plugged up to point of no return. You will ask me for sure if i explored all the alternatives, but i had a very experienced rotorooter fellow the other day, convinced me that for whatever reason, the plug could not be dislodged.
Therefore the downspout extension.
Thanks again for your insights.
BTW I would have thought that with sandy substrate, it would be less important than if the substratum was clay. So I stand educated.
So a problem like this, after 20+ years here. I never expected it. But that flooding rain we had the other day was one for Noah.
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