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I think that's just a marketing gimic. Costco gets their gas from the same major distribution facilities as everyone else.
AAA had a lab run an analysis a number of years ago and found there really is a difference. It's all about the detergents that each brand uses and whether they go beyond the minimum standards.
That said, it's not really a big factor for me as price and convenience tend to rule the day so I end up filling up at BJ's or Sheetz quite a bit. I drive all my cars for well over a decade and have never noticed any issues with deposits.
Consumer Reports picked up on the AAA analysis of Top Tier.
I'm sure there is a difference in a lab. Whether it's meaningful in a given situation, whether Costco is scrupulously adherent to the program (or sells non-Top Tier gas in a pinch), and whether the mutual distribution system of pipelines, tanks, and delivery tankers always preserves the distinctiveness of Top Tier are reasonable questions. I buy gas at Costco mainly because of the price.