Sure thing! I'm happy to help!
Six selection factors – Federal skilled workers
^This is a page describing the points system used to evaluate prospective immigrants under The federal skilled workers program.
You need 67 points to qualify. These points are awarded based on language proficiency, education, experience, age, employment, and adaptability.
An associate's degree would give you 19 points. Going in with a high school degree alone would give you only 5.
Sponsor your spouse, partner or children
^ Here's some information about spousal sponsorship. I kinda find it to be quite confusing and vague, TBH. But I'm not very bright, so maybe you'll have an easier time understanding it than I.
I want to say that if your spouse (assuming you two marry, of course) successfully sponsors you, then you'll become a permanent resident if you stay together for two years, but I'm not sure if that's true. I mean, that's what it sounds like, but I think I remember reading (on another official site) that you can't just get PR through marriage, BUT you will be allowed to stay in Canada and will receive an open work permit (meaning you don't have to apply for a work visa for every single job offer you get). Either way, sponsorship would be beneficial, although I really don't think you two should get married unless you both feel ready, of course.
As for how long it takes, I don't know; first you two have to get legally married, and then your boyfriend would have to apply for sponsorship. The government would then go through the application and screen you. If I had to guess, I'd say the process would take a few months after sending in the application for sponsorship, maybe a year.
By the way, if your boyfriend is not sufficiently well-off financially, then sponsorship is out of the question, because sponsorship requires proof that the sponsor can support both themselves and their spouse.
I really wish I could help you out more, but as I've said before, I'm in the same boat as you, so I'm still in the process of figuring this all out myself. But feel free to continue asking me questions, and I'll try to answer them to the best of my ability. This all seems really intimidating, but I'm sure we can do it!