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Yeah, it was an exaggeration, but in fact Moscow's winters aren't that brutal if you compare to Winnipeg or the Twin Cities.
The definition being? Should we make one?
Here's my suggestions for the classification:
1) Months with a mean temp above 10C (the requirement to trees to grow.)
2) Months with a mean temp above 5C (the requirement to grass to grow.)
3) Months with a mean temp below 0C (the requirement for frost heaving.)
4) growth period (mean temp constantly above 5C.)
5) precipitation.
6) hottest month with a mean of at least 20C (22C?)
7) coldest month with a mean of at least -5C?
Apply them for any location, and we'll see what we can agree upon.
Only on the average daily lows. Minneapolis has higher daily average highs in winter. Overall, in the three winter months Moscow has slightly warmer mean of -6.3C vs -7.4C. However, Moscow averages more annual snowfall, though only by about 5 inches. Minneapolis gets way more winter sunshine with 123 hours vs over 450 hours in MN (though more like 400 when adjusted to WMO standard). Moscow is also much more humid in winter, so I bet with the humidity and lack of sun it feels much colder than Minneapolis. The record low is also colder in Moscow than MN, and of course the yearly mean, and the other three seasons are warmer in Minneapolis. Further north in Winnipeg is quite a bit colder than Minneapolis I think.
Yeah, it was an exaggeration, but in fact Moscow's winters aren't that brutal if you compare to Winnipeg or the Twin Cities.
The definition being? Should we make one?
Here's my suggestions for the classification:
1) Months with a mean temp above 10C (the requirement to trees to grow.)
2) Months with a mean temp above 5C (the requirement to grass to grow.)
3) Months with a mean temp below 0C (the requirement for frost heaving.)
4) growth period (mean temp constantly above 5C.)
5) precipitation.
6) hottest month with a mean of at least 20C (22C?)
7) coldest month with a mean of at least -5C?
Apply them for any location, and we'll see what we can agree upon.
London
1. 6 or 7 depending on the station.
2. 12
3. None
4. Probably around 300 days, though the average mean is never below 5c.
5. 550-600mm
6. No, 19c.
7. No, 5c.
Yeah, it was an exaggeration, but in fact Moscow's winters aren't that brutal if you compare to Winnipeg or the Twin Cities.
The definition being? Should we make one?
Here's my suggestions for the classification:
1) Months with a mean temp above 10C (the requirement to trees to grow.)
2) Months with a mean temp above 5C (the requirement to grass to grow.)
3) Months with a mean temp below 0C (the requirement for frost heaving.)
4) growth period (mean temp constantly above 5C.)
5) precipitation.
6) hottest month with a mean of at least 20C (22C?)
7) coldest month with a mean of at least -5C?
Apply them for any location, and we'll see what we can agree upon.
Frost heave doesn't need a whole month below OC. A couple of days is enough.
Frost heave doesn't need a whole month below OC. A couple of days is enough.
What? No way the soil and the water in it will freeze in a couple of days. It requires months below freezing, and colder temperatures the more snow cover there is. Dig a hole in the ground after 2 nights below -10C, and it will be soft like a baby's butt.
What? No way the soil and the water in it will freeze in a couple of days. It requires months below freezing, and colder temperatures the more snow cover there is. Dig a hole in the ground after 2 nights below -10C, and it will be soft like a baby's butt.
It could be a different definition of frost heave.
I'm talking about soil moisture that freezes, resulting in ice needles up to a few inches (12 inches in extreme cases) deep. Very common around here in winter and only takes a couple of cold nights. The soil type is a big factor. It can be very erosive on banks etc.
It could be a different definition of frost heave.
I'm talking about soil moisture that freezes, resulting in ice needles up to a few inches (12 inches in extreme cases) deep. Very common around here in winter and only takes a couple of cold nights. The soil type is a big factor. It can be very erosive on banks etc.
I have huge difficulties to accept that. I'm not saying you're wrong, but even here the freezing of the soil take at least a month to form. Depending on the soil type. In a forestry environment you'll have to get into January before you have 1 inch of frozen soil. The peak being 7 inches in March. The avg low is below freezing here in November, but the soil doesn't freeze. Even on open ground a frost heave is almost unheard of in November.
And I'm talking about the Turku region. Lapland is a bit different.
I have huge difficulties to accept that. I'm not saying you're wrong, but even here the freezing of the soil take at least a month to form. Depending on the soil type. In a forestry environment you'll have to get into January before you have 1 inch of frozen soil. The peak being 7 inches in March. The avg low is below freezing here in November, but the soil doesn't freeze. Even on open ground a frost heave is almost unheard of in November.
And I'm talking about the Turku region. Lapland is a bit different.
Okay, I'll get some photos, as soon as it get cold enough (a 12C dewpoint and rain at present).
The soil type is a big factor. Typically a wet silt type soil - usually from heavy rain in the preceding days. While air temps aren't that cold (-3C TO -8C), the ground temp can easily be -12C only 2 days after warm northerly rain. Shading ensure the air doesn't rise above 0C during the day. The ground is only frozen a few inches down, but the ice needles can sometimes be 12 inches above the "proper" ground. It usually lasts a week, but up to 2-3 weeks in rare situations. There are probably 3-4 such cycles a winter.
I think what may be missing in your situation, is the heavy winter rain.
I think what may be missing in your situation, is the heavy winter rain.
This might be the reason. Even though the soil is moist throughout the year (the avg humidity is 79% during the year and 90% in December), rain in winter means that the temps will remain above freezing. Below freezing, it turns to snow, and the snowpack protects the soil. (The brown grass debate etc.)
And this can be seen also in Lapland. Due to the thick snow cover there's no permafrost to be found, even if the yearly mean temp is below freezing. (Debated, but environmental scientists have still to find a place that have a continuous permafrost. None found yet.)
Yeah, you might be upon something here. Sadly, I'm not that familiar with the climate in NZ, so can't compare. I'm not also a soil expert, so... Heavy rain -> quick freeze makes sense. Our climate is just too dull for that to happen on a regular scale.
I have huge difficulties to accept that. I'm not saying you're wrong, but even here the freezing of the soil take at least a month to form. Depending on the soil type. In a forestry environment you'll have to get into January before you have 1 inch of frozen soil. The peak being 7 inches in March. The avg low is below freezing here in November, but the soil doesn't freeze. Even on open ground a frost heave is almost unheard of in November.
And I'm talking about the Turku region. Lapland is a bit different.
We do get heavy winter rain during the winter followed by below freezing temperatures, which does result in brown grass and a frozen layer on the top of the soil. Usually need a several very cold days to get frozen soil.
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