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The idea is that low interest rates will boost the economy through companies borrowing more money to fund projects in order to create growth. Additionally, consumers will be more inclined to borrow money as well.
Furthermore, companies create value by taking on debt. Lower interest rates means companies will be more inclined to take on debt.
Low interest rates also make it more attractive to spend on projects in the real economy (where jobs and outputs come form) as opposed to simply squirreling funds away somewhere in the financial economy (the unreal world of rates and indexes).
If I have a project that I think will provide a 5% return on investment, but I can get 7% interest down at the bank, I'm not so likely to do the project. On the other hand, if bank rates are 3%, my 5% suddenly looks so good that I might want to leverage my own equity with some handy 3% bank money. More jobs, more output as the result.
Inflationary expectations are a part of interest rates. If people believe that inflationary risk is high, interest rates will rise. For good reason, people rarely believe that inflationary risk is high when inflation itself is low.
Zero interest rates with high inflation will force savers to spend their money. Fortunately we are not seeing high inflation. But we are not doubt seeing moderate price inflation.
It is my opinion the government should not be setting interest rates. It leads to a false economy. People get hurt in false economies.
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