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Ancient Egyptian Language - Coptic
"alpha" /a/ like {a} in English "father"
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"vita" /b/ alternating with /v/, much like {b} in Spanish
"gamma" /g/ a sound not native to Egyptian or Coptic, and generally used in words of Greek origin, or where /k/ was close to a nasal sound
"dalda" /d/ a sound not native to Egyptian of Coptic, and generally used in words of Greek Origin, or where /t/ was close to a nasal sound
"Epsilon" /e/ a sound somewhere between English {e} in "pet" and {a} in "pat".
"zEta" /z/ a sound not native to Egyptian or Coptic, and generally used in words of Greek Origin, or where /s/ was close to a nasal sound
"Eta" /E/ or /<ae>/ either like English {a} in "lake" or an elongated {a} as in "lack" if the vowel were held for a longer duration
"thEta" /th/ a digraph consisting of /t/ followed by /h/ like {t} and {h} in English "that hill". It was not until the period of Koine Greek that this letter came to represent /<th>/ as {th} in English "think", but this development NEVER reached Coptic.
"iota" /i/, /I/ and /y/, this chracter could represent three Coptic sounds: like English {i} in "sit", {ea} in "seat", and {y} in "year". It was often written with two dots over it (dierisis) when it was intended to represesent /y/, and after {epsilon} when it was intended to represent /I/, but one cannot count on Coptic scribes to be consistent in spellings.
"Kappa" /k/ a non-aspirated {k} like {c} in French, Spanish, and Italian
"laula" /l/ like English {l}
"mu" /m/ like English {m}
"nu" /n/ like English {n}
"ksi" /<ks>/ a digraph of /k/ followed by /s/, like {x} in English "expert"
"omikron" /o/ like English {o} in "loss"
"pi" /p/ a non-aspirated /p/ like {p} in French, Spanish, and Italian
"ro" /r/ a tap, like {r} in Italian
"simma" /s/ like English {s} in "see"
"tau" /t/ a non-aspirated /t/ like {t} in French, Spanish, and Italian
"upsilon" /U/, /u/ and /w/, this character could represent four sounds: like English {w} in "win" and {oo} in "hoop", and the prolonged version of the same. /<ue>/ like umlauted {u} in German or Turkish. Rarely it was written with a dierisis when it represented /w/, and after an {omicron} when it represented /U/ or /u/.
"phi" /<ph>/ a digraph representing /p/ followed by /h/, like {p} and {h} in English "top house". It was not until the period of Koine Greek that this letter came to represent /f/ as {f} in English "fix", but this development NEVER reached Coptic.
"khi" /<kh>/ a digraph representing /k/ followed by /h/, like {k} and {h} in English "smack him". It was not until the period of Koine Greek that this sound came to represent /x/ as {x} in Arabic "xaTT", but this development seems only superficially to have reached Coptic in certain late writings.
"psi" /<ps>/ a digraph representing /p/ followed by /s/, like English {ps} in "synopsis"
"Omega" /O/ like French {o} in "tome"
"shai" /<sh>/ like English {sh} in "shine"
"fai" /f/ like English {f} in "fact"
"hori" /h/ This charcter may have represented more than one sound, like English {h} in "hope", and/or Arabic /H/ in "HayyAt", and/or Arabic /<x>/ in "xaTT"
"tjantja" /<tj>/ like English {ch} in {church}
"< kj>ima" /<kj>/ a palatalized /k/ not unlike the sound of English /k/ followed by /y/ in "black yams"
"ti" /<ti>/ a digraph representing /t/ followed by /i/ or /y/, similar to English {tie) in "sweetie" or {t} and {y} in "that year"[/LEFT]