Cats are officially adults at 8mo old according to the CFA where they transition from competing as kittens to adults. That may help you some. I think as far as looks - some of that really depends on breed. Some cats always have that "kittenish" look to them because of their round chubby head type, like Himalayan as compared to sharp angled features in a Siamese.
Most of my cats have started to look like the more adult versions of themselves at around 5 months. However you really notice a maturity set it at around 2 years old. I think they tend to keep this look for a good part of their lives. Then they start to change as they age at around that 10 year mark.
Much like people I guess- you have that baby look that changes fast, the teen look that last a short while, the adult look you keep most of your life, and the elderly wise look in your golden years