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The first picture when enlarged shows very definite leafminer "trails" that look like white reflections on the left hand most leaf and the right hand deformed looking leaf. The leaf closest to the stake in the second picture also shows evidence of leafminer activity but some of that yellowed look and deformity in that picture looks more like thrip damage. I have the feeling both may be at work on the lemon tree(s).
The last picture looks a lot like sooty mold which would grow because of critters like aphids, mealybugs, scale (insects) or whiteflies leaving a sweet secretion for the fungus The cure is the same as for the above insects. I'd start with insecticidal soap or Bulldogdad's recipe.
On your valencia, looks like black sooty mold. I use Turf Pro liquid and spray on my trees specifically to control this stuff.
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