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Real summer: Highs above 91F/33C & lows above 76F/24C for at least 14 days during summer months. The average high should be above 83F/28C in its hottest month. (like NYC, Tokyo)
Real winter: Highs below freezing(32F/0C) & lows below 18F/-8C for at least 3 days during winter months. (like Toronto, Beijing)
Honesty, I think you can only define this by each location individually. According to many previous comments, my location would not have a real summer at all. I mean, Estonias summers are a bit too mild for my liking, but I do think they are real summers in the sense that June-August tends to be noticeably warmer than any of the other months and we do have some summery weather features like afternoon T storms and occasional heatwaves.
But according to my subjective rating, I would consider:
Real summer: daily mean near 18C or above, highs generally above 25C. (For locations further north than 55N I guess daily mean above 16C and highs above 21C also qualifies as real summer)
Real winter: highs below 5-7C and lows below freezing. ( I guess for more northern locations, snow cover most of the time is also a must, unless its an arid/dry winter climate)
Okay this method pretty much goes along with the average summer timing in DC. Usually about late May to late September is our summer (though now it is going into early/mid October).
A real winter to me would be the winters i had year after year in the 1980's with lows of 19f to 24f. Now i never even get below 35f year after year as it has warmed up so much in FL since 1990. No falls anymore or springs. A real summer would include rain not weeks of no rain like i have seen for many years with a never ending west flow that means no rain on the west coast while just inland 2 to 20 miles they get 10 times the rain i do.
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