Estimated zip code population in 2017: 2,522 Zip code population in 2010: 2,359 Zip code population in 2000: 2,534
Houses and condos: 1,396 Renter-occupied apartments: 250
% of renters here:
21%
State:
34%
March 2019 cost of living index in zip code 67672: 78.4 (low, U.S. average is 100)
Land area: 315.0 sq. mi. Water area: 0.1 sq. mi.
Population density: 8 people per square mile
(very low).
OSM Map
General Map
Google Map
MSN Map
OSM Map
General Map
Google Map
MSN Map
OSM Map
General Map
Google Map
MSN Map
OSM Map
General Map
Google Map
MSN Map
Please wait while loading the map...
Real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2017:
This zip code:
1.8% ($1,666)
Kansas:
1.4% ($2,075)
Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2017: $1,742 (2.4%) Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2017: $1,578 (1.6%)
Business Search- 14 Million verified businesses
Males: 1,268
(50.3%)
Females: 1,253
(49.7%)
For population 25 years and over in 67672:
High school or higher: 93.5%
Bachelor's degree or higher: 25.4%
Graduate or professional degree: 8.2%
Unemployed: 1.1%
Mean travel time to work (commute): 18.5 minutes
For population 15 years and over in 67672:
Never married: 21.1%
Now married: 58.6%
Separated: 0.5%
Widowed: 8.6%
Divorced: 11.2%
Zip code 67672 compared to state average:
Median house value below state average.
Unemployed percentage significantly below state average.
Black race population percentage significantly below state average.
Hispanic race population percentage significantly below state average.
Median age significantly above state average.
Renting percentage below state average.
Length of stay since moving in significantly above state average.
Estimated median house/condo value in 2017: $94,125
67672:
$94,125
Kansas:
$150,600
According to our research of Kansas and other state lists, there were 2 registered sex offenders living in 67672 zip code as of January 24, 2021. The ratio of all residents to sex offenders in zip code 67672 is 1,262 to 1. The ratio of registered sex offenders to all residents in this zip code is much lower than the state average.
Median resident age:
This zip code:
49.0 years
Kansas median age:
36.7 years
Average household size:
This zip code:
2.0 people
Kansas:
2.5 people
Averages for the 2012 tax year for zip code 67672, filed in 2013:
Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2012: $51,526 (Individual Income Tax Returns)
Here:
$51,526
State:
$60,095
Salary/wage: $39,081 (reported on 80.0% of returns)
Here:
$39,081
State:
$48,770
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 71.9% for AGIs below $25k, 74.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 74.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 70.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 63.6% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Taxable interest for individuals: $800 (reported on 49.2% of returns)
This zip code:
$800
Kansas:
$1,506
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.0% for AGIs below $25k, 0.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.6% for AGIs $100k-200k, 0.4% for AGIs over 200k)
Ordinary dividends: $2,346 (reported on 21.7% of returns)
Here:
$2,346
State:
$6,093
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.2% for AGIs below $25k, 1.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 0.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.9% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Net capital gain/loss in AGI: +$9,570 (reported on 19.2% of returns)
Here:
+$9,570
State:
+$14,598
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.1% for AGIs below $25k, 2.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.5% for AGIs $75k-100k, 10.3% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Profit/loss from business: +$13,950 (reported on 20.0% of returns)
Here:
+$13,950
State:
+$12,554
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 6.5% for AGIs below $25k, 6.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 2.8% for AGIs $75k-100k, 9.2% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Taxable individual retirement arrangement distribution: $6,150 (reported on 11.7% of returns)
67672:
$6,150
Kansas:
$14,098
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.2% for AGIs below $25k, 2.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 2.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.8% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Total itemized deductions: $18,805 (18% of AGI, reported on 18.3% of returns)
Here:
$18,805
State:
$23,678
Here:
18.1% of AGI
State:
18.9% of AGI
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 9.0% for AGIs below $25k, 5.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 5.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 11.5% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Charity contributions: $3,659 (reported on 14.2% of returns)
Here:
$3,659
State:
$5,321
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 0.8% for AGIs below $25k, 0.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.6% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.9% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Taxes paid: $6,995 (reported on 18.3% of returns)
67672:
$6,995
State:
$9,548
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 1.2% for AGIs below $25k, 1.4% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 6.2% for AGIs $100k-200k)
Earned income credit: $1,686 (reported on 11.7% of returns)
Here:
$1,686
State:
$2,212
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 3.2% for AGIs below $25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k)
Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2012 taxes: 65.0%
Here:
65%
State:
56%
(% for various income ranges: 55.3% for AGIs below $25k, 58.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 76.5% for AGIs $50k-75k, 76.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 83.3% for AGIs $100k-200k, 100.0% for AGIs over 200k)
Averages for the 2004 tax year for zip code 67672, filed in 2005:
Average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) in 2004: $29,127 (Individual Income Tax Returns)
Here:
$29,127
State:
$45,726
Salary/wage: $27,383 (reported on 76.5% of returns)
Here:
$27,383
State:
$40,112
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 240.9% for AGIs below $10k, 72.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 71.5% for AGIs $25k-50k, 78.2% for AGIs $50k-75k, 68.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 44.5% for AGIs over 100k)
Taxable interest for individuals: $1,407 (reported on 63.0% of returns)
This zip code:
$1,407
Kansas:
$1,749
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 37.2% for AGIs below $10k, 5.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 2.8% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.7% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.1% for AGIs over 100k)
Taxable dividends: $1,151 (reported on 26.3% of returns)
Here:
$1,151
State:
$3,066
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 8.6% for AGIs below $10k, 1.0% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.9% for AGIs $25k-50k, 1.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.2% for AGIs $75k-100k, 0.3% for AGIs over 100k)
Net capital gain/loss: +$3,986 (reported on 24.2% of returns)
Here:
+$3,986
State:
+$7,555
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 16.6% for AGIs below $10k, 1.7% for AGIs $10k-25k, 3.1% for AGIs $25k-50k, 3.1% for AGIs $50k-75k, 5.9% for AGIs $75k-100k, 1.2% for AGIs over 100k)
Profit/loss from business: +$6,777 (reported on 19.6% of returns)
Here:
+$6,777
State:
+$9,571
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 8.8% for AGIs below $10k, 3.9% for AGIs $10k-25k, 8.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.8% for AGIs $50k-75k, -0.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 9.5% for AGIs over 100k)
IRA payment deduction: $2,667 (reported on 2.3% of returns)
67672:
$2,667
Kansas:
$2,922
Total itemized deductions: $16,181 (29% of AGI, reported on 16.3% of returns)
Here:
$16,181
State:
$18,779
Here:
28.8% of AGI
State:
20.5% of AGI
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 57.3% for AGIs below $10k, 14.5% for AGIs $10k-25k, 6.7% for AGIs $25k-50k, 5.4% for AGIs $50k-75k, 9.0% for AGIs $75k-100k, 9.8% for AGIs over 100k)
Charity contributions deductions: $2,421 (4% of AGI, reported on 13.4% of returns)
Here:
$2,421
State:
$3,892
Here:
4.0% of AGI
State:
4.0% of AGI
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 2.0% for AGIs below $10k, 1.1% for AGIs $10k-25k, 0.6% for AGIs $25k-50k, 0.9% for AGIs $50k-75k, 1.6% for AGIs $75k-100k, 2.0% for AGIs over 100k)
Total tax: $3,752 (reported on 69.6% of returns)
67672:
$3,752
State:
$7,203
(% of AGI for various income ranges: 9.6% for AGIs below $10k, 4.4% for AGIs $10k-25k, 7.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 8.3% for AGIs $50k-75k, 10.3% for AGIs $75k-100k, 18.3% for AGIs over 100k)
Earned income credit: $1,402 (reported on 10.7% of returns)
Here:
$1,402
State:
$1,674
Percentage of individuals using paid preparers for their 2004 taxes: 73.0%
Here:
73%
State:
63%
(% for various income ranges: 69.5% for AGIs below $10k, 66.6% for AGIs $10k-25k, 78.0% for AGIs $25k-50k, 78.0% for AGIs $50k-75k, 82.1% for AGIs $75k-100k, 90.0% for AGIs over 100k)
Household received Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 33 Household did not receive Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months: 1,180
Women who had a birth in the past 12 months: 7 (7 now married, 0 unmarried) Women who did not have a birth in the past 12 months: 417 (208 now married, 207 unmarried)
Housing units in zip code 67672 with a mortgage: 454 (3 second mortgage, 14 home equity loan, 5 both second mortgage and home equity loan) Houses without a mortgage: 504
Median monthly owner costs for units with a mortgage: $945 Median monthly owner costs for units without a mortgage: $422
Residents with income below the poverty level in 2017:
This zip code:
4.8%
Whole state:
11.9%
Residents with income below 50% of the poverty level in 2017:
This zip code:
2.9%
Whole state:
6.5%
Median number of rooms in houses and condos:
Here:
6.6
State:
6.9
Median number of rooms in apartments:
Here:
4.7
State:
4.4
Notable locations in this zip code not listed on our city pages
Notable locations in zip code 67672: Big Creek Golf Course (A), WaKeeney Kampgrounds of America (B), Wakeeney Speedway (C), Trego County Fairgrounds (D), Wakeeney Wastewater Treatment Facility (E), Frontier Agricultural Grain Elevator Number 25 (F), Trego County Sheriff's Department (G), Kansas Highway Patrol Troop D - Trego (H), Trego County Courthouse (I), Wakeeney Police Department (J), Wakeeney Fire Department (K), Trego County Rural Fire Department Station 1 (L), Trego County Sheriff's Department Jail (M), Trego County Detention Center / Juvenile Detention Center (N), Trego County Emergency Medical Services (O), Trego County Health Department (P), Wakeeney Public Library (Q), Pleasant Valley Community Hall (R), Trego County Museum (S), Wakeeney City Hall (T). Display/hide their locations on the map
Churches in zip code 67672 include: WaKeeney United Methodist Church (A), Prairie Home United Methodist Church (B), Bethany Baptist Church (C), Bethlehem Lutheran Church (D), Harvestime Assembly of God Church (E), Immanuel Lutheran Church (F), WaKeeney Church of God (G), WaKeeney Presbyterian Church (H), Zion Lutheran Church (I). Display/hide their locations on the map
Cemeteries: Christ the King Cemetery (1), Prairie Home Cemetery (2), Zion Lutheran Cemetery (3), Wakeeney City Cemetery (4), Saline Valley Cemetery (5). Display/hide their locations on the map
Rivers and creeks: Chalk Creek (A), Happy Creek (B), East Branch Downer Creek (C), Trego Creek (D), North Fork Saline River (E). Display/hide their locations on the map
Cars and other vehicles available in WaKeeney, KS (67672) in owner-occupied houses/condos
4no vehicle
2001 vehicle
3302 vehicles
3103 vehicles
824 vehicles
365+ vehicles
Cars and other vehicles available in WaKeeney, KS (67672) in renter-occupied apartments
3no vehicle
1791 vehicle
232 vehicles
163 vehicles
324 vehicles
05+ vehicles
Zip code 67672 household income distribution in 2017
25Less than $10,000
32$10,000 to $14,999
53$15,000 to $19,999
67$20,000 to $24,999
85$25,000 to $29,999
63$30,000 to $34,999
30$35,000 to $39,999
60$40,000 to $44,999
49$45,000 to $49,999
166$50,000 to $59,999
112$60,000 to $74,999
210$75,000 to $99,999
89$100,000 to $124,999
29$125,000 to $149,999
112$150,000 to $199,999
8$200,000 or more
Estimate of home value of owner-occupied houses/condos in 2017 in zip code 67672
2Less than $10,000
9$10,000 to $14,999
8$15,000 to $19,999
8$20,000 to $24,999
33$25,000 to $29,999
51$30,000 to $34,999
7$35,000 to $39,999
113$40,000 to $49,999
49$50,000 to $59,999
42$60,000 to $69,999
56$70,000 to $79,999
80$80,000 to $89,999
79$90,000 to $99,999
72$100,000 to $124,999
20$125,000 to $149,999
87$150,000 to $174,999
42$175,000 to $199,999
21$200,000 to $249,999
32$250,000 to $299,999
26$300,000 to $399,999
3$500,000 to $749,999
8$1,000,000 to $1,499,999
Rent paid by renters in 2017 in zip code 67672
7$100 to $149
6$150 to $199
10$200 to $249
6$250 to $299
30$300 to $349
18$350 to $399
27$400 to $449
46$450 to $499
5$500 to $549
15$550 to $599
6$600 to $649
3$800 to $899
6$900 to $999
4$1,000 to $1,249
34No cash rent
Median gross rent in 2017: $616.
Median price asked for vacant for-sale houses and condos in 2017: $110,346.
Estimated median house (or condo) value in 2017 for:
White Non-Hispanic householders: $92,049
Hispanic or Latino householders: $259,361
Estimated median house or condo value in 2017: $94,125
67672:
$94,125
Kansas:
$150,600
Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $53,607 - $143,254
Housing units in structures:
One, detached: 1,254
One, attached: 3
Two: 13
3 or 4: 10
5 to 9: 12
10 to 19: 36
20 to 49: 37
Mobile homes: 26
Unemployment: 1.1%
Means of transportation to work in zip code 67672
77.7%1,178Drove a car alone
10.5%159Carpooled
5.1%78Walked
1.5%22Other means
5.1%78Worked at home
Travel time to work (commute) in zip code 67672
319Less than 5 minutes
5115 to 9 minutes
7510 to 14 minutes
6815 to 19 minutes
8420 to 24 minutes
2325 to 29 minutes
8930 to 34 minutes
5735 to 39 minutes
5340 to 44 minutes
5445 to 59 minutes
560 to 89 minutes
9590 or more minutes
Percentage of zip code residents living and working in this county: 73.8%
Household type by relationship:
Households: 2,442
In family households: 1,933 (352 male householders, 378 female householders)
602 spouses, 521 children (446 natural, 14 adopted, 63 stepchildren), 17 grandchildren, 0 brothers or sisters, 4 parents, 8 other relatives, 40 non-relatives
In nonfamily households: 510 (285 male householders (261 living alone)), 189 female householders (170 living alone)), 34 nonrelatives
In group quarters: 79 (110 institutionalized population)
Size of family households: 513 2-persons, 92 3-persons, 62 4-persons, 54 5-persons, 12 6-persons
Size of nonfamily households: 431 1-person, 42 2-persons
286 married couples with children.
193 single-parent households (43 men, 150 women).
99.5% of residents of 67672 zip code speak English at home.
0.3% of residents speak Spanish at home (100% well).
Foreign born population: 55 (2.2%) (87.3% of them are naturalized citizens)
This zip code:
2.2%
Whole state:
6.9%
87%Singapore
13%Guyana
50%German
8%American
4%German Russian
3%Irish
2%English
2%French
2%Pennsylvania German
Year of entry for the foreign-born population
102010 or later
02000 to 2009
01990 to 1999
44Before 1990
Major facilities with environmental interests located in this zip code:
MERGED WITH 1950001 (427 S RAILROAD AVE in WA KEENEY, KS)
AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS) STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - TANKS-02970, UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK PROGRAM, ISTEPS-19500001, AIR PROGRAM, TANKS-42649, UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK PROGRAM, ISTEPS-19500004, AIR PROGRAM STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - RTK-TR00363, EPCRA, ISTEPS-19500005, AIR PROGRAM STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - RTK-TR00242, EPCRA COMPLIANCE ACTIVITY (Tracking inspections of insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, and toxic substances) Business SIC classification: ELECTRIC SERVICES; ELECTRIC AND OTHER SERVICES COMBINED; GRAIN AND FIELD BEANS; FARM SUPPLIES Business NAICS classification: FOSSIL FUEL ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION.; GRAIN AND FIELD BEAN WHOLESALERS. Organizations: MIDWEST COOPERATIVE, MIDWEST COOP (OWNER/OPERATOR)
, WESTLAND ENERGY (RTK PARENT ORGANIZATION)
Alternative names: MIDWEST CO-OP, INC., MIDWEST CO-OP, INC., MIDWEST COOP, MIDWEST COOP-WAKEENEY BRANCH, MIDWEST ENERGY, INC., WESTLAND ENERGY-WAKEENEY
WAKEENEY REDI MIX, INC. (305 N. RAILROAD AVE. in WAKEENEY, KS)
AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS) STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - ISTEPS-19500007, AIR PROGRAM, WWT-I-SA15-PR01, WASTEWATER FACILITY, WWT-I-SH38-PR01, Business SIC classification: READY-MIXED CONCRETE Business NAICS classification: READY-MIX CONCRETE MANUFACTURING.
WAKEENEY, CITY OF (408 RUSSELL in WAKEENEY, KS)
STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - WWT-M-SH38-OO01, WASTEWATER FACILITY (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) Business SIC classification: SEWERAGE SYSTEMS Organizations: CITY OF WAKEENEY (CONTACT/OWNER)
KDOT - TREGO CO. REST AREA (4.5 MILES EAST OF WAKEENEY in WAKEENEY, KS)
STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - WWT-M-SH38-NR02, WASTEWATER FACILITY National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit Business SIC classification: SANITARY SERVICES Organizations: KDOT-TREGO CO. I-70 REST AREA (CONTACT/OWNER)
Alternative names: KDOT-TREGO CO. I-70 REST AREA
TREGO CO HWY DEPT (120 S MAIN in WAKEENEY, KS)
STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - TANKS-25666, UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK PROGRAM Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators, less than 100 kg/month of hazardous waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) - notification Organizations: TREGO COUNTY (CONTACT/OWNER)
TREGO COUNTY COOPERATIVE (W. FLAT) (1ST STREET in WAKEENEY, KS)
AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS) STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - ISTEPS-19500012, AIR PROGRAM Business SIC classification: GRAIN AND FIELD BEANS Business NAICS classification: GRAIN AND FIELD BEAN WHOLESALERS.
TREGO COUNTY LEMKE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (320 N 13TH ST in WA KEENEY, KS)
AIR MINOR (AIRS/AFS) STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - ISTEPS-19500020, AIR PROGRAM Business SIC and NAICS classification: GENERAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL HOSPITALS Alternative names: TREGO LEMKE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
BIG CREEK FERTILIZER (STATE HIGHWAY 283 SOUTH in WAKEENEY, KS)
STATE MASTER (Kansas Facility Profiler) - TANKS-11894, UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK PROGRAM COMPLIANCE ACTIVITY (Tracking inspections of insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, and toxic substances)
TREGO COMMUNITY HIGH (1200 RUSSELL AVENUE in WAKEENEY, KS)
(National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-0308 Organizations: WAKEENEY (SCHOOL DISTRICT)
WAKEENEY ELEM (612 JUNCTION AVENUE in WAKEENEY, KS)
(National Center for Education Statistics) - STATE ID-0306
WAKEENEY LIVESTOCK COMMISSION (1ST STREET AND RAILROAD STREET in WAKEENEY, KS)
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NON-MAJOR (Tracking pollutant discharge elimination systems) - permit Business SIC classification: BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
B & L TRAILER MFG (GENERAL DELIVERY in WAKEENEY, KS)
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) Business NAICS classification: FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING.
TREGO MFG CO (106 S 1ST in WAKEENEY, KS)
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (tracking hazardous waste)) Business NAICS classification: FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING.
Housing units lacking complete plumbing facilities: 7.9% Housing units lacking complete kitchen facilities: 4.8%
70.7%Utility gas
20.9%Electricity
6.7%Bottled, tank, or LP gas
1.3%Wood
0.6%Other fuel
Population in 1990: 2,711.
Place of birth for U.S.-born residents:
This state: 2,070
Northeast: 13
Midwest: 144
South: 72
West: 158
67% of the 67672 zip code residents lived in the same house 5 years ago. Out of people who lived in different houses, 42% lived in this county. Out of people who lived in different counties, 50% lived in Kansas.
91% of the 67672 zip code residents lived in the same house 1 year ago. Out of people who lived in different houses, 54% moved from this county. Out of people who lived in different houses, 35% moved from different county within same state. Out of people who lived in different houses, 11% moved from different state.
Private vs. public school enrollment:
Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school):
Here:
0.0%
Kansas:
11.9%
Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 21
Here:
13.7%
Kansas:
10.4%
Students in private undergraduate colleges:
Here:
0.0%
Kansas:
14.4%
Occupation by median earnings in the past 12 months ($)
62,989Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other technical occupations
53,941Life, physical, and social science occupations
51,263Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
48,745Construction and extraction occupations
47,414Sales and related occupations
45,994Health technologists and technicians
Companies with federal contracts located in this zip code:
RW FARMS, INC (216 N 6TH in WA KEENEY, KS; small business)
$8,500 with Army for Seedling Production/Transplanting Services. Signed on 2003-02-24. Completion date: 2003-07-01.
Top industries in this zip code by the number of employees in 2005:
Health Care and Social Assistance: General Medical and Surgical Hospitals (100-249 employees: 1 establishment)